The Inequality Of Class Stratification - 950 Words

1. Are we really equal? â€Å"Man was born free, and he is everywhere in chains† (Rousseau, 1994, p.45.). This report will develop from the foundation of Rousseau, exploring the notion that all humans are understood as equal, yet disparities across society are widespread. I will assert that class stratification is manifested within the micro-level sociology of education. It will demonstrate that class inequalities are maintained and reproduced through the means of social, economic and cultural capital. It is suggested that middle classes possess such attributes, thus experience advantage, whereas working class lack such capital, therefore are faced with disadvantage. I will present empirical data to illustrate the relationship between†¦show more content†¦It suggests that in 2008/09 there was a 23.9% disparity between FSM students and all other pupils achieving 5 or more GCSEs graded at A* to C or equivalent. More recently, in 2012/13 there was a 16% difference between FSM students and their counterparts. It is noteworthy that from 2008 through to 2013, despite incremental improvement, the amount of FSM participants attaining the criteria remained less than all other students. A further aspect to this data presents the percentage of pupils accomplishing 5 or more GCSEs at A* to C level including English and mathematics. Percentages in this category are significantly lower than the initial data, moreover FSM students performed disproportionately worse than other pupils. In 2008/09, there was a 2:1 ratio, thus for every FSM candidate, two students from the ‘all other pupil’ category were achieving the measure. The chart elucid ates how pupils from low income families are statistically less likely to achieve as many A* to C GCSEs than any other student. Appendix 2 This table presents the percentage of applicants accepted to higher education degree courses from seven socio-economic classifications from 2002-2008. The ‘lower managerial’ category had the highest percentage of accepted applicants, with an average of 36.23% per year. In contrast, the ‘lower supervisory’ background averages on 4.73%. It is fundamental to recognise that these categories

Coca Cola As A Non Alcoholic Version - 1669 Words

Coca-Cola became one of the most notable brands in the history on mankind. The trademark design is completed by the white logo on the Pantone 484 red background. Being active in more than 200 countries, with a 120 years of history, this brand is noticed as the biggest in the world and it has come top of an Interbrand poll of all global brands. It is now estimated that Coca-Cola s brand is worth  £39bn. It was invented in 1886 by John Pemberton, the drink appeared on the market as Pemberton s French Wine Coca, on that time it was considered a wine to treat cough problems. Due to the local prohibition laws, a non-alcoholic version was developed and a new name was created by Pemberton s partner, Frank Mason Robinson. Robinson had the†¦show more content†¦However, illustrations of a red-suited and bearded Spirit of Christmas have been visible in the United Kingdom starting in the 17th century. In the US, too, the american artist Thomas Nast drew the character from the mid-1800s, with no cast of colours, looks or hight. Coca-Cola first displayed Santa in its commercials in the twenties, which were illustrated in a method resembling very much to the Germanic Nast Santa. The Santa myth, as we know it, was introduced in european culture starting 16th century. In the early thirties, the illustrator Haddon Sundblom took over animation job at Coca-Cola, using the Saturday Evening Post newspaper. At that point the image management started to make any kind of outcomes. Blissfully for Coca-Cola, Santa s red and white colour solution went well with its own symbol and Sundblom s highly popular Santa cheerfully endorsed modeled the green bottles for the next 35 years. The best part of the Coca-Cola branding wasn ´t the invention of the product, or even the manufacturing and distributing it, but in telling a clean, particular, periodically magnified proclamation about the product. Coca-Cola persistently advertised the quality of their product as part of their brand

STCW IMO Standards for Training Certification

The Standards for Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping, or STCW, is a convention of the IMO. These regulations first came into existence in 1978. Major revisions to the conventions occurred in 1984, 1995, and 2010. The goal of the STCW training is to give seafarers from all nations a standard set of skills useful to crew members working aboard large vessels outside of the boundaries of their country. Do All Merchant Mariners Need to Take an STCW Course? In the United States mariners only need to take an approved STCW course if they intend to work aboard a vessel greater than 200 Gross Register Tons (Domestic Tonnage), or 500 Gross Tons, which will operate beyond the boundaries defined by the Federal Regulations which indicate international waters. Although STCW training is not required for seafarers working in nearshore areas or domestic inland waterways it is recommended. STCW training offers exposure to valuable skills which make the mariner more flexible aboard ship and more valuable in the job market. Not all nations require their licensed merchant mariners to take a separate STCW course. Many high-quality programs meet the training requirements for STCW during the regular licensing coursework. Why is STCW a Separate Course? STCW training guidelines are laid out in the IMO convention to standardize the basic skills needed to safely crew aboard a large vessel outside of areas where domestic rules apply. Some of the training does not apply to smaller craft or vessels operating in coastal or river areas. To simplify testing requirements, not all countries include the STCW information for basic merchant mariner licensing. Each country may decide if their licensing requirements meet the terms of the IMO convention. What is Taught in an STCW Course? Every course goes about their training in different ways so no two courses are the same. Some courses have a greater emphasis on classroom learning but generally, some concepts are taught in a hands-on situation. Classes will include some of the following disciplines: Bridge and Deck Skills; Traffic Patterns, Lights and Day Shapes, Horn Signals for international watersEngine Room; Operations, Signals, Emergency ProceduresInternationally Standardized Radio Operations and TerminologyEmergency, Occupational Safety, Medical Care and Survival FunctionsWatchkeeping Major components of the STCW conventions were modified during the last revision in June of 2010. These are called the Manila Amendments and they will go into effect January 1, 2012. These amendments will bring the training requirements up to date for modern operational situations and technologies. Some of the changes from the Manila Amendments are: â€Å"Revised requirements on hours of work and rest and new requirements for the prevention of drug and alcohol abuse, as well as updated standards relating to medical fitness standards for seafarers†Ã¢â‚¬Å"New requirements relating to training in modern technology such as electronic charts and information systems†Ã¢â‚¬Å"New requirements for marine environment awareness training and training in leadership and teamwork†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Updating of competence requirements for personnel serving on board all types of tankers, including new requirements for personnel serving on liquefied gas tankers†Ã¢â‚¬Å"New requirements for security training, as well as provisions to ensure that seafarers are properly trained to cope if their ship comes under attack by pirates†Ã¢â‚¬Å"New training guidance for personnel serving on board ships operating in polar waters†Ã¢â‚¬Å"New training guidance for personnel operating Dynamic Positioning Systems† These new training elements will give a merchant mariner many valuable and potentially life-saving skills. Anyone considering a new career in the maritime industry or an upgrade to their current credential should strongly consider taking part in an approved STCW course. More information is available for U.S. licensees from the National Maritime Center website.

Essay on Legalizing Medical Marijuana - 1254 Words

Should medical marijuana be legal across the United States? Imagine a world where individuals who have chronic pain did not have to suffer anymore. Envision a cure for cancer, a disease many Americans are killed by daily. Picture people with severe, violent mood disorders being treated. Most people think the answers to these problems are simple and could be solved by over medicating patients. Today, there are twenty states in America who have legalized medical marijuana for specific health and medical related conditions (Medical Marijuana 1). The United States should legalize medical marijuana so patients who suffer from chronic pain can be treated, cancer could be cured, and mood disorders can be treated. Legalizing medical†¦show more content†¦Nevertheless, there is research to support that medical marijuana can relieve chronic pain. Additionally, medical marijuana could also cure cancer, a vigorous disease that kills many people daily. Research shows that THC is the main cannabinoid associated with marijuana and has been recognized to contain a strong anti-cancer effect. Wai Liu, a researcher discovered that there are numerous less known cannabinoids that may decrease the growth of cancer cells in Leukemia. Liu also found out that because the cannabinoids are not psychoactive, a patient could have the anti-cancer benefits without having the high feeling associated with THC (Bekiempis 1). Thus, marijuana does not target all rapidly dividing cells like the way chemotherapy or radiation does – which leads to weight and hair loss. Rather, the marijuana attacks the cancer (Bekiempis 1). Additionally, medical marijuana has many therapeutic uses. For example, research proves that state laws permitting medical marijuana typically define appropriate indications as serious, chronic, or deliberating medical conditions such as 1. Severe nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy or other causes, 2. Weight loss associated with deliberating i llnesses such as HIV and cancer, 3. Spasticity secondary to neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, and glaucoma. Marijuana has been used alone and in combination with other antiemetics to treat the nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy.Show MoreRelatedBenefits Of Legalizing Medical Marijuana1076 Words   |  5 Pagesas in medical practices. Most parts of life incorporated cannabis of some form. Marijuana is a psychoactive drug made from the cannabis plant. It is sometimes used as a recreational drug by a few individuals, medical ailments and for spiritual purposes as well. The key element in marijuana is the delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). This psychoactive component is found in the leaves of the plant (Ethan B Russo, 2013). This essay will demonstrates the advantages of legalising medical marijuana suchRead More The Economic, Medical and Industrial Benefits of Legalizing Marijuana1710 Words   |  7 PagesThe Economic, Medical and Industrial Benefits of Legalizing Marijuana Marijuana is the dried flower clusters and leaves of the hemp plant when taken to induce euphoria. Marijuana has been in existence for centuries even Magellan spoke of it during his trip to India. In his log he spoke of a plant that you smoked that made a man drunk without drinking. Marijuana would be beneficial if legalized because it would bring in extra money, it has medical uses, hemp is one of the best materials in theRead MoreSixties Culture Shows the Need to Legalizing Medical Marijuana2895 Words   |  12 Pagesof the more popularly known drugs is marijuana, then and now, and continues to become be more controversial as time progresses. Legalization has been a hot topic of discussion for a long period of time now, and although for many it is an intimidating thought that an illegal drug can now become legalized, we should consider what the benefits of marijuana could be for our country. Not only would this put an end to a seemingly bottomless debate, legalizing marijuana cou ld be in the United States bestRead MoreCalifornia Proposition 215: Legalizing Medical Marijuana Essays2671 Words   |  11 Pagesthe legality of medical marijuana for public consumption statewide. Originating in San Francisco, it was passed by 55.6% of California voters on November 5, 1996 (Human Rights and the Drug War). The ideology behind passing Prop. 215 is that marijuana contains a number of legitimate medical uses and should be made available to those who would benefit from it. The text of the proposed law states that â€Å"seriously ill Californians have the right to obtain and use marijuana for medical purposes where thatRead MoreLegalizing Medical Marijuana Help Patients With Relief From Nausea And Appetite Loss1448 Words   |  6 PagesLegalizing Medical Marijuana can help patients with relief from nausea and appetite loss, reduction of muscle spasms and relieve from chronic pain. Helpful for treatment for the AIDS-- reduces the nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite, Glaucoma -- reduces pressure relieving the pain and sometimes stopping damage to the eyes, Cancer -- excite appetite and relieving nausea and vomiting, and Epilepsy -- stops seizures. There are a huge volume of reports and studies which state that marijuana is highlyRead MoreReasons for Legalizing Marijuana841 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Reasons for Legalizing Marijuana Abstract Marijuana can be used by the public for many purposes. Medicine is an important part of our lives and marijuana has been tested to cure cancerous cells as well as help people with their epilepsy. Using marijuana for medical purposes is one major aspect that people should take into consideration for legalizing it. Marijuana’s market has also been brought to many people’s attention because it has been poised to grow faster thanRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1269 Words   |  6 PagesAbu Matar 1 Mahmoud Abu Matar English Composition 2 Research Paper 14 April 2015 Legalizing Marijuana Marijuana is most commercialized drug in the world, so why not just legalize it? Although there are legal restraints against marijuana, 1 in 3 Americans have tried it, out of curiosity at least once. Multiple studies have proven that, marijuana is psychologically and physically healing. Medical marijuana should be legalized for its beneficial advantages, such as, treating or preventing health conditionsRead MoreThe Legalization Of Recreational And Medical Use Of Marijuana1237 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of recreational and medical use of marijuana is still a controversial social issue faced by the United States. Although marijuana was seen as a dangerous drug back in the 1900’s, research has revealed the truth about marijuana, making the drug less frightening towards Americans. Now in the year 2015, marijuana is generally more accepted by Americans and many more see marijuana in a positive manner. Although marijuana does have some negative side effects, the side eff ects are notRead MorePersuasive Essay On Legalizing Marijuana1746 Words   |  7 PagesLegalizing Marijuana Can you imagine being just six-years-old and suffering from over three hundred violent seizures a week? From birth, Charlotte Figi suffered from a rare form of epilepsy, which caused these seizures. After trying everything to help Charlotte, her parents finally decided to try medical marijuana, and it worked! Charlotte still had seizures, but now, she had maybe two or three seizures a month instead of three hundred a week. Charlotte’s story and many similar stories, alongRead MoreEssay on What If Marijuana Became Legal?623 Words   |  3 Pages Legalizing medical marijuana would reduce crime rates all across the United States. Marijuana is a widely used drug and a lot of crime revolves around it. A lot of money is spent on marijuana, whether it is at a dispensary in Colorado or police officers spending large amounts of money on drug busts. Police officers want a strong relationship with the community they serve. Police want to catch real criminals who hurt real victims. It would save departments a lot of money because they are wasting

Small Bussnes Ganha Free Essays

Tourism accommodation business owners indicated factors such as maintaining lifestyle, being their own bosses, capitalizing on a business opportunity, generation of retirement income influence the decision to own/operate a small tourism accommodation businesses. These variables can be categorized as non-economic and economic factors. It was found that though the owners were motivated by commercial enterprise goals, these are subordinated to the pursuit of socially driven lifestyle motivation factors. We will write a custom essay sample on Small Bussnes Ganha or any similar topic only for you Order Now Small tourism accommodation business owners in Ghana perceive the non- availability of skilled hospitality personnel and limited access to structured capitalist training programmed as the greatest challenge facing their industry. Key Words: Ghana, Small Tourism accommodation businesses, motivations, challenges INTRODUCTION Ghana has designated its tourism industry as one of the new growth sectors for economic development, employment generation and poverty reduction in its development framework document (growth and poverty reduction strategy (GAPS II, 2005). This development framework recognizes the tourism industry in Ghana as a growing, vibrant and dynamic one with a great potential for job creation. Ghana, like many sub-Sahara countries, has primarily an agrarian economy and produces few exportable services. Tourism has been identified as one area that can bring improvements in the services sector of the economy. In recent years there has been an expansion of investments in the tourism industry, especially the small tourism accommodation businesses sector. The total number of registered tourism accommodation businesses in Ghana as at 201 2 was 1,838. Compared to 420 and 1992. Of the 1838 hotel stock as at 2012, 69% can be classified as small tourism accommodation enterprises based on guestroom capacity of 15. Currently tourism is the fourth-largest foreign-exchange earner in Ghana after old and cocoa and foreign remittances. International tourist arrivals rose from 698,069 in 2008 to I in 201 1 with corresponding receipts from LOS$ 1. 4 Billion to CSS$ 2. Billion respectively, while direct and indirect jobs created by the sector increased from 234, 679 to 330, 514 during the period (GTAG, 2012). The government of Ghana acknowledges that accommodation businesses sector is an important part Of the Ghana tourism industry (NNTP, 1995) and has identified tourism accommodation businesses as catalysts for tourism development and by extension for the economic growth of the country as he industry is a major source of income and employment. The accommodation business sector in Ghana is 1 00 percent private sector owned and it characterized by many independent businesses. According to a recent survey, 69% of all tourism accommodation businesses in Ghana have less than 15 guestrooms and 88% of all tourism 2223-XX Copyright: 0 2014 AUGHT – Open Access- Online @ http//: accommodation businesses have less than 25 guestrooms and only 3 percent of these tourism accommodation businesses have more than 50 rooms (Mechanics, 2011; GET, 2012). The tourism accommodation businesses landscape fleets a large number of lower rated businesses, especially those in the budget category, 68%, which are typically small family owned and operated establishments. The rapid growth in the number of small tourism accommodation businesses in Ghana and the role they play in the promotion of tourism makes it imperative for a better understanding of the drivers in the sector. Interestingly, worldwide the tourism and hospitality industries are characterized by many small firms but generally, research in the tourism accommodation business sector has focused mostly on large tourism accommodation business chains. Invariably, not much research attention has been given to small independent especially those in developing countries such as Ghana. Although there is a growing body of high quality small business literature, much of it is general and few studies have focused on small businesses (Thomas, 1998). Majority of research on small firms has focused on the personal attributes, motivations and practices of entrepreneurs and other economic and socio-demographic factors that affect small firms in general. It is generally acknowledged that sector differences play an important part in explaining the operations of small genuineness (Thomas, 1998) and the tourism accommodation business sector will benefit from such recognition with a sector focused research. Whiles many tourism accommodation businesses in Ghana can generally be classified as small firms, they have peculiar characteristics that need to be given an adequate amount of attention if we are to get a better understanding of how they operate. This paper examines the motivations and challenges of small tourism accommodation business owners in Ghana to get a better understanding of these factors. The outcome of the research will offer policy makers insights can influence their support aerogramme for an efficient development of the tourism industry. LITERATURE REVIEW Defining Small Tourism accommodation businesses Morrison (1996) argues that traditionally the tourism industry has been dominated by small businesses and this still remains true. Globally, a common feature of businesses in the hospitality and tourism industry is that greater percentages, (95 percent), are small firms (See, Curran 1 996; Ashley and Rawson, 2006). This assertion holds in Ghana where 97 percent of all tourism firms are classified as small (NNTP, 2012). Small tourism accommodation businesses are a component of small tourism and capitalist firms, which can be classified as small businesses. However, what constitutes a small business is a major challenge in the SEEM (small and medium enterprises) literature (Curran Storey, 1993). This is acknowledged by Morrison, (1996) who states that the term small businessmen is a difficult one to define. To date, there is no agreement in the literature about how small firms should be defined. The heterogeneity of small firms, their characteristics and global variety has led to it being defined in several ways. Storey (1994) concluded that there is no single, uniformly acceptable definition of a small firm. Several researchers have made significant efforts at defining small firms (See for example, Marked 1983; Gangly 1 985; Curran and Blackburn 1 991 ; GOES 1991; storey 1 994; Thomas 1 AAA, Addressed 1 999; Decker, Schaefer and Blander, 2006) but there is no consensus on these definitions. Existence of the numerous definitions of small firms has been attributed to the failure of most research to adequately identify the nature Of small firms leading to 2 various definitions being used in different research contexts. Storey (1994) is of the view that these various grounded define actions have been used according to he particular sector, geographic or other contexts in which the small firm is being examined. Curran et al. 1986:3) refer to the â€Å"great deal of agonizing ov er the issue of definition by small businesses by researchers such as Bolton (1971 Banks and Cone (1983); and Curran and Stonewort (1 984), from which no satisfactory solutions have emerged†. One reason for such diverse definitions relates to size and sector differences of small firms. Definitions at sector level which relate quantitative measures Of size, such as number of employees, sales turnover, profitability and net worth, may mean that in some sectors all firms may be regarded as small, while in other sectors there are possibly no firms which are small. Burns (2001, p 8) argues, â€Å"being a small firm is not just about size defined in simple statistical terms and that small firms also have other important defining characteristics†. These need to be considered to have a full appreciation of a small firm. Existing literature on tourism and hospitality are not clear on definitions of small tourism and hospitality firm leading to various definitions being considered by various researches. Curran Storey (1993) in making a case for defining small ours and hospitality firms differently, stated that though studies of small firms in the tourism and hospitality industry reflect a liberal usage of the term small firma to that found in the general small business literature it is important to highlight the principal features of these definitions as they affect tourism and hospitality firms. There is the opinion that service firms are better understood if their distinctiveness from manufacturing firms is recognized (Voss et al. 1988). The definition of small tourism and hospitality firms therefore must be informed by a consideration of what makes small tourism ND hospitality firms different from other small enterprises. The above notwithstanding, in developing a definition for small tourism and hospitality firms, which includes small (STABs), it is important that the definition be both comparable to other industries, while at the same time reflecting the unique characteristics of the tourism and hospitality industry (Morrison and Conway 2007). Beaver (2002) is of similar view and states that small firm definitions may need to incorporate the specific nature and context of respective industrial sectors if they are to be meaningful. Although defining small tourism and capitalist firms along tangible measures such as number of rooms and employees are essential, the intangible and qualitative features inherent in small firm ownership and management in general and at sector levels also needs some consideration if a meaningful definition is to be derived (Burns, 2001). How to cite Small Bussnes Ganha, Papers Small Bussnes Ganha Free Essays Tourism accommodation business owners indicated factors such as maintaining lifestyle, being their own bosses, capitalizing on a business opportunity, generation of retirement income influence the decision to own/operate a small tourism accommodation businesses. These variables can be categorized as non-economic and economic factors. It was found that though the owners were motivated by commercial enterprise goals, these are subordinated to the pursuit of socially driven lifestyle motivation factors. We will write a custom essay sample on Small Bussnes Ganha or any similar topic only for you Order Now Small tourism accommodation business owners in Ghana perceive the non- availability of skilled hospitality personnel and limited access to structured capitalist training programmed as the greatest challenge facing their industry. Key Words: Ghana, Small Tourism accommodation businesses, motivations, challenges INTRODUCTION Ghana has designated its tourism industry as one of the new growth sectors for economic development, employment generation and poverty reduction in its development framework document (growth and poverty reduction strategy (GAPS II, 2005). This development framework recognizes the tourism industry in Ghana as a growing, vibrant and dynamic one with a great potential for job creation. Ghana, like many sub-Sahara countries, has primarily an agrarian economy and produces few exportable services. Tourism has been identified as one area that can bring improvements in the services sector of the economy. In recent years there has been an expansion of investments in the tourism industry, especially the small tourism accommodation businesses sector. The total number of registered tourism accommodation businesses in Ghana as at 201 2 was 1,838. Compared to 420 and 1992. Of the 1838 hotel stock as at 2012, 69% can be classified as small tourism accommodation enterprises based on guestroom capacity of 15. Currently tourism is the fourth-largest foreign-exchange earner in Ghana after old and cocoa and foreign remittances. International tourist arrivals rose from 698,069 in 2008 to 1 in 201 1 with corresponding receipts from ISIS 1. 4 Billion to CSS$ 2. Billion respectively, while direct and indirect jobs created by the sector increased from 234, 679 to 330, 514 during the period (GTAG, 2012). The government of Ghana acknowledges that accommodation businesses sector is an important part Of the Ghana tourism industry (NNTP, 1995) and has identified tourism accommodation businesses as catalysts for tourism development and by extension for the economic growth of the country as he industry is a major source of income and employment. The accommodation business sector in Ghana is 1 00 percent private sector owned and it characterized by many independent businesses. According to a recent survey, 69% of all tourism accommodation businesses in Ghana have less than 15 guestrooms and 88% of all tourism 2223-XX Copyright: 0 2014 AUGHT – Open Access- Online @ http//: accommodation businesses have less than 25 guestrooms and only 3 percent of these tourism accommodation businesses have more than 50 rooms (Mechanics, 2011; GET, 2012). The tourism accommodation businesses landscape fleets a large number of lower rated businesses, especially those in the budget category, 68%, which are typically small family owned and operated establishments. The rapid growth in the number of small tourism accommodation businesses in Ghana and the role they play in the promotion of tourism makes it imperative for a better understanding of the drivers in the sector. Interestingly, worldwide the tourism and hospitality industries are characterized by many small firms but generally, research in the tourism accommodation business sector has focused mostly on large tourism accommodation business chains. Invariably, not much research attention has been given to small independent especially those in developing countries such as Ghana. Although there is a growing body of high quality small business literature, much of it is general and few studies have focused on small businesses (Thomas, 1998). Majority of research on small firms has focused on the personal attributes, motivations and practices of entrepreneurs and other economic and socio-demographic factors that affect small firms in general. It IS generally acknowledged that sector differences play an important part in explaining the operations of small genuineness (Thomas, 1 998) and the tourism accommodation business sector will benefit from such recognition with a sector focused research. Whiles many tourism accommodation businesses in Ghana can generally be classified as small firms, they have peculiar characteristics that need to be given an adequate amount of attention if we are to get a better understanding of how they operate. This paper examines the motivations and challenges of small tourism accommodation business owners in Ghana to get better understanding of these factors. The outcome of the research will offer policy makers insights can influence heir support programmed for an efficient development of the tourism industry. LITERATURE REVIEW Defining Small Tourism accommodation businesses Morrison (1996) argues that traditionally the tourism industry has been dominated by small businesses and this still remains true. Globally, a common feature of businesses in the hospitality and tourism industry is that greater percentages, (95 percent), are small firms (See, Curran 1 996; Lassies and Rawson, 2006). This assertion holds in Ghana where 97 percent of all tourism firms are classified as small (NNTP, 2012). Small tourism accommodation businesses re a component of small tourism and hospitality firms, which can be classified as small businesses. However, what constitutes a small business is a major challenge in the SEEM (small and medium enterprises) literature (Curran Storey, 1993). This is acknowledged by Morrison, (1996) who states that the term small business; is a difficult one to define. To date, there is no agreement in the literature about how small firms should be defined. The heterogeneity of small firms, their characteristics and global variety has led to it being defined in several ways. Storey (1994) concluded that there is no ingle, uniformly acceptable definition of a small firm. Several researchers have made significant efforts at defining small firms (See for example, Marked 1983; Gangly 1 985; Curran and Blackburn 1 991 ; GOES 1991; storey 1 994; Thomas 1 AAA, Addressed 1 999; Decker, Schaefer and Blander, 2006) but there is no consensus on these definitions. Existence of the numerous definitions of small firms has been attributed to the failure of most research to adequately identify the nature Of small firms leading to 2 various definitions being used in different research contexts. Storey (1994) is of the IEEE that these various groundedÃ'Å¡ define actions have been used according to the particular sector, geographic or other contexts in which the small firm is being examined. Curran et al. 1986:3) refer to the â€Å"great deal of agonizin g over the issue of definition by small businesses by researchers such as Bolton (1971 Banks and Cone (1983); and Curran and Stonewort (1 984), from which no satisfactory solutions have emerged†. One reason for such diverse definitions relates to size and sector differences of small firms. Definitions at sector level which relate quantitative measures Of size, such as number of employees, sales remover, profitability and net worth, may mean that in some sectors all firms may be regarded as small, while in other sectors there are possibly no firms which are small. Burns (2001, p 8) argues, â€Å"being a small firm is not just about size defined in simple statistical terms and that small firms also have other important defining characteristics†. These need to be considered to have a full appreciation of a small firm. Existing literature on tourism and hospitality are not clear on definitions of small tourism and hospitality firm leading to various definitions being considered by various researches. Curran Storey (1993) in making a case for defining small tourism and hospitality firms differently, stated that though studies of small firms in the tourism and hospitality industry reflect a liberal usage of the term small firma to that found in the general small business literature it is important to highlight the principal features of these definitions as they affect tourism and hospitality firms. There is the opinion that service firms are better understood if their distinctiveness from manufacturing firms is recognized (Voss et al. 1988). The definition of small tourism and hospitality firms Hereford must be informed by a consideration of what makes small tourism and hospitality firms different from other small enterprises. The above notwithstanding, in developing a definition for small tourism and hospitality firms, which includes small (STABs), it is important that the definition be both comparable to other industries, while at the same time reflecting the unique characterist ics of the tourism and hospitality industry (Morrison and Conway 2007). Beaver (2002) is of similar view and states that small firm definitions may need to incorporate the specific nature and context of respective industrial sectors if they are to be meaningful. Although defining small tourism and hospitality firms along tangible measures such as number of rooms and employees are essential, the intangible and qualitative features inherent in small firm ownership and management in general and at sector levels also needs some consideration if a meaningful definition is to be derived (Burns, 2001). Such intangible and qualitative features include lifestyle business motivations that have been identified in relation to micro and small-scale tourism firms (Locker and Morrison, 1999; Buick et al. , 2000; Get and Carlson, 2000; Kampala, 2004). From this perspective, qualitative social rewards may be priorities over those of a quantitatively defined economic nature (Appleton et al. , 2004). Thus, Morrison and Conway (2007) argue that any meaningful definition of small tourism and hospitality firms need the recognition, justification and combination of the associated quantifiable and qualified features. How to cite Small Bussnes Ganha, Papers

Technoscience Essay Example For Students

Technoscience Essay The world is changing rapidly. A single technological development can lead to aninfinite number of consequential developments, each of which having varyingimpacts on humanity. These impacts, or indicators, display the results oftechnological development. Climactic, economic, social, and energy relatedindicators are important in showing humanitys use of technoscience, anddemonstrate that certain political and economic changes are needed so thattechnoscientists can use their knowledge to benefit the great majority ofhumanity. Climactic indicators are excellent examples of humanitys misuse oftechnoscience. One such indicator is global temperature. It displays the resultsof the burning of fossil fuels and the release of nitrous oxides into theatmosphere. Production of coal, oil, natural gas and nuclear power each expandedby 1 percent in 1995 (Brown, 16). Globally, the ten warmest years out of thelast 130 have all occurred in the eighties and nineties (Brown, 15). Thesefigures demonstrate that humanity is not effectively controlling and limitingits use of fossil fuels. As a result, acid rain falls upon the earth destroyingwhat is left of the planets forests and, an estimated 37 percent of the fishspecies that inhabit thelakes and streams of North America are either injeopardy or extinct. A second indicator that displays humanitys misuse oftechnoscience is the global economy. Global economic statistics show the resultsof the applications of technoscience. In 1995, the global economy grew by anestimated 3.7 percent the largest gain since the 4.6 percent growth in 1980(Brown, 74). The use of technoscientific developments in various fields raisedthe global output of goods and services. Although this was an impressiveexpansion promoting employment and development, it also increased theunsustainable demands on the earths natural systems and resources, such as theplanets forests. Applications of technoscience have established the need forwood. The forests that once blanket ed more than 40 percent of the earths landsurface now cover only 27 percent of it (Brown, 19). As a result, soil erodes,and the capacity of soils and vegetation to absorb and store water is reduced. Humanitys misuse of technoscience can also be displayed with social indicators. Eighty-seven million people were added to the population in 1995 (Sachs, 88). The overwhelming majority were added to countries that were already strugglingwith the results of technoscience: depletion of forestry, erosion of soil, andreduction of aquifers. This added population only increased these countriesproblems. Population growth is slowing in some countrys, but for the wrongreasons. In Russia, the combination of economic deterioration and environmentalpollution has raised death rates, while a loss of hope in the future has loweredbirth rates (Brown, 19). In Zimbabwe, births still exceed deaths, but by muchless than a few years ago because AIDS related deaths are increasing. Beneficialapplications of technoscience could be used in the above cases to improve socialsituation by introducing greater population control methods and by helping tocontrol the AIDS epidemic. Energy related indicators shoe the positive effectsof technoscientific application. While the production of coal, oil, natural gasand nuclear power each expanded by 1 percent in 1995, wind elec tric generationexpanded by 33 percent and sales of solar cells climbed 17 percent (Brown,5658). The harnessing of wind and solar energy does not create theenvironmentally harmful byproducts associated with their fossil fuel and nuclearcounterparts. Humanitys use of renewable energy sources can only decreaseenvironmental problems. Charles E. Lindbloms procedure of public policyintegration is an effective method by which technoscientists can be assured thattheir developments will be thoroughly explored so that humanity will not be hurtby their work. However, most corporations give strong incentives (bonuses, stockoptions) to encourage executives to diligently pursue corporate profitability(Woodhouse, 173). This results in a rapid, untested decision-making process thatyields swift innovation of products and production techniques that offer shortterm buyer effectiveness, profits for the seller and potentially long termnegative consequences to a portion of humanity, the environment or th e world. .uf7daf8e14685c53a2a8ad35e125557a5 , .uf7daf8e14685c53a2a8ad35e125557a5 .postImageUrl , .uf7daf8e14685c53a2a8ad35e125557a5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf7daf8e14685c53a2a8ad35e125557a5 , .uf7daf8e14685c53a2a8ad35e125557a5:hover , .uf7daf8e14685c53a2a8ad35e125557a5:visited , .uf7daf8e14685c53a2a8ad35e125557a5:active { border:0!important; } .uf7daf8e14685c53a2a8ad35e125557a5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf7daf8e14685c53a2a8ad35e125557a5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf7daf8e14685c53a2a8ad35e125557a5:active , .uf7daf8e14685c53a2a8ad35e125557a5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf7daf8e14685c53a2a8ad35e125557a5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf7daf8e14685c53a2a8ad35e125557a5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf7daf8e14685c53a2a8ad35e125557a5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf7daf8e14685c53a2a8ad35e125557a5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf7daf8e14685c53a2a8ad35e125557a5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf7daf8e14685c53a2a8ad35e125557a5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf7daf8e14685c53a2a8ad35e125557a5 .uf7daf8e14685c53a2a8ad35e125557a5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf7daf8e14685c53a2a8ad35e125557a5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The best president in the Gilded Age EssayPolitical procedures concerning technological developments must be gradual anddeliberate so that the developments benefits can greatly outweigh thedisadvantages. Conflicting leaders should explore developments so that each canconsider the others views. The initial policy should be revised in small,reversible steps in response to feedback about errors, interpretations, andchanging perceptions of needs and opportunities (Morone, 168). The net resultwill be a general benefit to humanity. From an economic standpoint,technoscientists work might yield a greater humanitarian benefit with theincrease in common peoples role in the technolog ical decision making process. Unfortunately, technological developments, no matter how beneficial to societythey might be proven to be, cannot be put into action without governmental andcorporate acceptance, or funds. However, those that are chosen to decide whetherit is necessary to invest in such developments might not be true representationsof society. Some in this hierarchy could be more interested in profit thanglobal well being. This hypothesis could consequentially have an affect ontechnoscientists psychologically. Those looking to better the world might becomecautious and skeptical in releasing and promoting their views and ideas. Thereis also the possibility that the temptation of money would override thefundamental principal technoscientists have of improving the world. Societyshould have a greater role at the decision making step. Those who might bedirectly affected by technological developments might not be so quick to acceptor decline a development for economic reasons. Technoscientists could then pu tgreater focus on improving the lives of those who are affected by theirdevelopments. In order for the world to benefit from technoscience, humanitymust learn to use it correctly and with foresight. Current climactic, globaleconomic, social, and energy related indicators show that the earth isdeteriorating from humanitys overall misuse of technoscience. Changes must bemade in political and economic situations related to technoscientificdevelopment. If changes are not made, the decline in global quality of life willproceed as rapidly as technological development now advances. Bibliography1. Brown, Lester R., Vital Signs, c.1996, Worldwatch Institute. 2. Sachs,Aaron, Population Slightly Down, Vital SigInstitute. 3. Morone,Joseph G., Why the Demise of Nuclear Energy?, c.1989,YaleUniversity. 4. Woodhouse, Edward J., Decision Theory and the Governance ofTechnology, 1987ns, c.1996, Worldwatch

Registrar Sample Letter to Student free essay sample

This letter is being sent to you on behalf of the Dean of your Faculty. This notice carries no academic penalty. A review Of your Civic undergraduate records shows hat you had accumulated five (5) or more failing grades over the course of your undergraduate studies at Civic (you may not have been assigned a failing grade in the current session).As your session gap is adversely affected by any failing grades and as a low session gap may cause you to become ineligible to continue your studies and be asked to withdraw from Logic (please see the sections under STANDING and WITHDRAWAL in the university Calendar) this letter is being sent to you for information only to help you avoid these possibilities. Please consider the following suggestions: 1 Choose your courses carefully 2. Avoid overloading yourself: be aware of your personal time commitment 3.Monitor your academic progress carefully on an on-going basis, being mindful of academic drop deadlines 4. We will write a custom essay sample on Registrar Sample Letter to Student or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Check with your department Undergraduate Advisor about course selection or to see if supplementary tutoring is available for particular problem courses.