Improvement of the Quality in the Automobile Industry

3 Methodology This work is done to study the improvement of the quality in automobile industry. This chapter consists three sections named as â€Å"Problem definition†, â€Å"Objectives† and â€Å"Methodology of the study† respectively. The section 3.1 named as â€Å"Problem definition† describes the challenge or difficulty that is to be solved. The solution may be achieved after fulfilling the objective by using some sub-objectives that are described in section 3.2 named as â€Å"Objectives†. The methodology described in section 3.3 in details. This methodology has been devised keeping in mind the view of â€Å"Problem definition† and the â€Å"Objectives† that are suggested for the fulfilment of the solution for the problem. 3.1 Problem definition In small scale automobile part manufacturing company producing a large amount of products. A multiproduct manufacturing facility has the wide process which involves a large number of variables such as quality characteristics. Each and every product has been different quality characteristics which are measured on the manufacturing line. But when multiple products are produced or manufacturing trough a single processing line in multi product manufacturing facility, individual process monitoring strategies are used for monitoring the process of individual parts. So the challenge is that to develop a statistical process control charts for detection and implementation of faults using the quality characteristics. 3.2 Objectives In master thesis a quality controlShow MoreRelatedManagement Approach At Ford Motor Company Essay1479 Words   |  6 Pagesremain competitive in any industry. To do this, organizations should have a management approach in place, which helps navigate the direction and strategy of the organization. Customer satisfaction is a key component in the automotive industry and thus requires the aforementioned approaches to further build customer loyalty. 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Of all the automobile industries, Toyota has also been one of the industries leaders in developing new and innovative technologies that can take advantage of the industry current problems like the environmentalRead MoreThe Assembly Line Essay925 Words   |  4 Pagesthe 1920s, automobiles are rapidly changing the American lifestyle forever because of their affordability and also the development of new assembly technology to lower the cost. Technological innovations of assembly begin to expand and advance for the better throughout the 1920s, which impacts Americans and the people of the world today. Henry Ford, a bold figure during the 1920s, owner of Ford automobiles. His ideas and innovation like the assembly line forever changes the automobile and the wayRead MoreThe Supply Chain Of Supply Chains1235 Words   |  5 Pagesof product delivery to the business sectors. 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In order to do so, focus will be directed on management strategies, human resources, development of existing ideas, stability in the foreign market and the role of the government. About Toyota Toyota Motor Corporation was created in 1933Read MoreA Brief Note On The First Gasoline Powered Automobile Essay1114 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The first gasoline powered automobile was built 1885 in Germany. The first car was engineered by Henry Ford in 1896. He took things a notch higher by establishing an assembly line which enabled him to mass produce the vehicles thus making them affordable to the consumers. The use of automobiles has since increased in the US and other parts of the world. By 1999, the US alone had over 200 million passenger cars and light trucks. The number of cars worldwide grew thrice faster thanRead MoreComparative Advantage1258 Words   |  6 PagesL Kearney University of Phoenix ECO/GM 561 International Economics Watson T. Ragin June 27, 2011 Comparative Advantage This writing will begin by defining the concept of comparative advantage while comparing the automobile industry in the United States and the industry in Japan and expound of the similarities and differences of both of the countries. According to InvestorWords.com comparative advantage is defined as the ability of a business entity to engage in production at a lower costRead MoreEnvironmental Challenges Facing American Auto Industry Essay1140 Words   |  5 PagesEnvironmental challenges facing American Auto industry Introduction The first gasoline powered automobile was built 1885 in Germany. The first car was engineered by Henry Ford in 1896. He took things a notch higher by establishing an assembly line which enabled him to mass produce the vehicles thus making them affordable to the consumers. The use of automobiles has since increased in the US and other parts of the world. By 1999, the US alone had over 200 million passenger cars and light trucks

Adult Aging Interview At The Feet Of An Elderly Person Essay

Adult Aging Interview â€Å"The best classroom is at the feet of an elderly person,† said by a famous American radio and television writer, Andy Rooney. Elderly has so much to teach the younger generation because they have been through an array of events in life that are worth sharing and knowing. The purpose of the study is to understand the experience of aging and late adulthood by using case study method through interview and informal interaction with an older adult. Given the circumstance of long distance, Skype is used to conduct the interview and informal interaction. Mary, is a vibrant and healthy Chinese elderly woman who turned 75 last summer. She is an atheist who has lived in Hong Kong for her entire life and would be classified as middle class lifestyle. She is widowed and lives alone but she has four children and eight grandchildren. Since she is active, healthy and independent, the â€Å"young-old† would be the best term to describe Mary according to gero ntologists (Berger, 2014, p.675). Looking at Mary’s life history can help us better understand her experience of aging and late adulthood. Mary was born in 1941 in a relatively poor family. Our informal interaction and interview had given a chance for she to provide her life review. Life review is a healing process according to Robert Butler (Butler, 1974). She said that she lived in a government subsidies unit where bathroom and kitchen were shared with other families when she was young. Growing up in harsh lifeShow MoreRelatedAging : A Better Understanding How The Process Of Aging Affects Older Adults1716 Words   |  7 Pagesbetter understanding how the process of aging affects older adults, I interviewed my neighbor, a sixty-seven year old man. For the purposes of this paper, I will refer to him as Pat. Pat lives with his wife of forty-three years. They currently live in a home in Mounds View, which they have owned for twenty-four years. They receive no home services. He views aging as inevitable. He added that, although there are plenty of negative things that are associated with aging, there are definitely perks that comeRead MoreStacys Story: There is Beauty in Aging1522 Words   |  7 Pagesyears, had not yet opened for business that day. While Stacy prepared herself for our interview, I occupied myself by admiring the thick piles of paper on her work desk. She had invoices, emails, check stubs and letters of appreciation covering the surface entirely. Empty and half-full coffee mugs were placed strategically about the room in places ranging from the printer, to the floor, and I even spotted one six feet above the ground on top of the dark, wooden cabinetry that hovered above her desk.Read MoreShould We Help the Homeless2173 Words   |  9 Pagesfir over 100 million people worldwide. With the downturn of the economy, and many natural disasters occurring this number is continuing to grow putting many more people out on the streets. This is an unsafe environment for people to live in not only adults are effected by this but many kids are growing up without homes and proper care. There needs to be changes in our system to help aid these less fortunate people, providing affordable housing, or giving them financial aid wouldn’t solve this problemRead MoreA Descriptive Study of the Practice of Music Therapy in Hong Kong17388 Words   |  70 Pagesmade me aware of the possible I am ways to get the work done when I was quite confused at the initial stage. grateful to him for his useful advices and encouragement. I am indebted to the following music therapists for their participation in interviews, support and suggestions on this project: Raymond Ng, Ivory Chan, Andrea Chan, Joanna Chan and Yasmin Li. It is my great pleasure to know all of them. Last, but by no means least, I wish to t\hank my dear parents for the love and support theyRead MoreDaily Physical Activity Can Improve Exercise Tolerance And Functional Capacity5823 Words   |  24 Pagescapacity has been determined via a 6-minute walk test. This study examines the effect of a pedometer as a comparative tool to the 6-minute walk test for measurement of functional capacity as well as a motivational tool to increase physical activity in adults with chronic heart failure (HF). A randomized trial consisting of 40 participants will be implemented. Of the 40 participants, twenty will be randomized to a pedometer with step-based goal group, and the other twenty participants will be randomizedRead MoreImportant Law Enforcement Facts19721 Words   |  79 Pages | |Detectives are plainclothes investigators who gather facts and collect evidence for criminal cases. Some are assigned to | |interagency task forces to combat specific types of crime. They conduct interviews, examine records, observe the activities of | |suspects, and participate in raids or arrests. Detectives and State and Federal agents and inspectors usually specialize in one of| |a wide variety of violations such as homicide or fraud. TheyRead MoreEssay about Gendered Media9688 Words   |  39 Pagesunder-represented is the single fastest growing we are aging so that people over 60 make up a major part of our population; within this group, women significantly outnumber men (Wood, 1993~). Older people not only are under-represented in media but also are represented inaccurately In contrast to demographic realities, media consistently show fewer older women than men, presumably because our culture worships youth and beauty in women. Further, elderly individuals are frequently portrayed as sick, dependentRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagestechnology or health care. The increase in the technology jobs is due to the rapid increase in the use of information technology, such as databases, system design and analysis, and desktop publishing. 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Lord of the flies1 Essay Example For Students

Lord of the flies1 Essay The classic novel Lord of the Flies by William Golding is an exciting adventure deep into the nether regions of the mind. The part of the brain that is suppressed by the mundane tasks of modern society. It is a struggle between Ralph and Jack, the boys and the Beast, good and evil. The story takes a look at what would happen if a group of British school boys were to become stranded on an island. At first the boys have good intentions, keep a fire going so that a passing ship can see the smoke and rescue them, however because of the inherent evil of the many the good intentions of the few are quickly passed over for more exciting things. The killing of a pig slowly begins to take over the boys life, and they begin to go about this in a ritualistic way, dancing around the dead animal and chanting. As this thirst for blood begins to spread the group is split into the â€Å"rational (the fire-watchers) pitted against the irrational (the hunters) (Dick 121).† The fear of a mythological â€Å"beast† is perpetuated by the younger members of the groups and they are forced to do something about it. During one of the hunters’ celebrations around the kill of an animal a fire-watcher stumbles in to try and disband the idea of the monster. Caught of in the rabid frenzy of the dance, this fire-watcher suddenly becomes the monster and is brutally slaughtered by the other members of the group. The climax of the novel is when the hunters are confronted by the fire-watchers. The hunters had stole Piggy’s (one of the fire-watchers) glasses so that they may have a means of making a cooking fire. One of the more vicious hunters roles a boulder off of a cliff, crushing Piggy, and causing the death of yet another rational being. The story concludes with the hunters hunting Ralph (the head and last of the fire-watchers). After lighting half of the island on fire in an attempt to smoke Ralph from his hiding place, they chase him on to the beach only to find a ships captain and crew waiting there to rescue them, because he saw the smoke. The novel is packed full of symbolism and irony. Golding also communicates his message quite well. â€Å"The title refers to Beelzebub, most stinking and depraved of all the devils: it is he, and not the God of Christians, who is worshipped (Burgess 121).† This is just one of the many examples of symbolism. Another would be that as the story progressed characters names slowly begin to change. A pair of twin boys, Sam and Eric, became know as Samneric, a single unit. Another boy completely forgot his name because he was just lumped into the group know as the little’uns. This is symbolic of the break down of the basic structure of society, identity. If a person does not know who he is then he can never function properly in society. The other tool that Golding uses very well is irony. It is very ironic that the group of boys finally get rescued because they accidentally lit the island on fire hunting down the last of the fire-watchers. From these example it is easy to make a conclusion on the message the William Golding was trying to convey when he wrote Lord of the Flies. â€Å"In Lord of the Flies he Golding showed how people go to hell when the usual social controls are lifted, on desert islands real or imaginary (Sheed 121).†Despite being heavily involved in the war efforts during the second world war, Golding managed to not become a war novelist, this does however, somewhat explain why most of the conflicts in his books are basic struggles between people. â€Å"He Golding entered the Royal Navy at the age of twenty-nine in December 1940, and after a period of service on mine sweepers, destroyers, and cruisers, he became a lieutenant in command of his own rocketship (Baker xiii).† So many of the authors of his time used the war as the back ground or main conflict in their books, but not Golding, he is able to use the war as his inspiration and write about the most primitive and basic struggles that man has. One must not think that G olding did not go unchanged from the war, because analysis of his pre-war poetry shows a much softer, more forgiving Golding. .uec1a6e81745201184a1c0c5d2b76304c , .uec1a6e81745201184a1c0c5d2b76304c .postImageUrl , .uec1a6e81745201184a1c0c5d2b76304c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uec1a6e81745201184a1c0c5d2b76304c , .uec1a6e81745201184a1c0c5d2b76304c:hover , .uec1a6e81745201184a1c0c5d2b76304c:visited , .uec1a6e81745201184a1c0c5d2b76304c:active { border:0!important; } .uec1a6e81745201184a1c0c5d2b76304c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uec1a6e81745201184a1c0c5d2b76304c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uec1a6e81745201184a1c0c5d2b76304c:active , .uec1a6e81745201184a1c0c5d2b76304c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uec1a6e81745201184a1c0c5d2b76304c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uec1a6e81745201184a1c0c5d2b76304c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uec1a6e81745201184a1c0c5d2b76304c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uec1a6e81745201184a1c0c5d2b76304c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uec1a6e81745201184a1c0c5d2b76304c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uec1a6e81745201184a1c0c5d2b76304c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uec1a6e81745201184a1c0c5d2b76304c .uec1a6e81745201184a1c0c5d2b76304c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uec1a6e81745201184a1c0c5d2b76304c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Emmy Noether EssayGolding’s basic philosophy can be summed up in a few words society is evil. All of his books deal with this idea in some way or another. It is very easy to see how this idea is presented in Lord of the Flies where â€Å"the good intentions of the few are overborne by the innate evil of the many (Burgess 121).† According to one of many critics â€Å"what Golding senses is that institutions and order imposed from with out are temporary, but that man’s irrationality and urge for destruction are enduring (Karl 119).† According to Golding the aim of his works is â€Å"to trace the defects of society back to the defects of human na ture (Baker 5).†Golding’s works have a way about them that is distinctively his. All of his works are in some way copied from other works, but he adapts them to fit his own needs. In his own use of the word, Lord of the Flies and The Inheritors are â€Å"parodies† of Ballantyne and Wells. â€Å"Golding’s hallmark: a polarity expressed in terms of a moral tension (Dick 121).† This is usually the key thing that makes a Golding novel a Golding novel. Lord of the Flies, one of William Golding’s many novels, is a well written, well thought out writing that depicts the evils of human nature. William Golding the man himself is qualified enough to write about such topics because he was involved heavily in W.W.II. This caused Golding’s views on life to change to his current philosophy â€Å"The shape of society must depend on the ethical nature of the individual and not on any political system however apparently logical or respectable (Baker 5).† The frame work of a Golding novel is simple and most often copied from an outside source, then reshape to fit his purpose. Finally I think Wilfrid Sheed said it best when he said â€Å"Golding’s writing is not ideally suited to a social novel it is angular and ugly and the dialogue occasionally sounds immature.† As a matter of opinion though I would recommend Lord of the Flies to anyone. Bibliography:

Vengeful Equity Essay Research Paper This paper free essay sample

Revengeful Equity Essay, Research Paper This paper will turn to the issues environing the condemnable captivity of adult females in American society through the treatment of the positions of Meda Chesney-Lind in her 1997 paper # 8220 ; Vengeful Equity: Sentencing Womans to Prison. # 8221 ; It will show critical grounds of captivity covering with the oncoming of the # 8220 ; Rockefeller Laws, # 8221 ; jobs with interlingual rendition, and consequences. In the paper I will besides present solutions of Chesney-Lind every bit good as my ain sentiment for possible options other so common prison condemning as it is practiced today. The United States in recent times has seen the sudden rise of females in our prison systems. This is most entirely due to the debut of the Rockefeller Laws and its guidelines of compulsory minimal sentencing of felons for specified offenses. The jurisprudence was designed to cut down prejudice in the of all time volatile universe of race dealingss and extinguish harsher condemning for equal offenses based on colour. We will write a custom essay sample on Vengeful Equity Essay Research Paper This paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the female universe, consideration of possible mitigating fortunes environing an persons # 8217 ; offense has been taken off from the presiding justice # 8217 ; s discretion. Important factors are non allowed to come in in the determination procedure such as why the offense was committed and by who. While the figure of adult females behind bars has risen as of late, the figure of violent wrongdoers in these prisons has really fallen rather drastically. The proportion of adult females in province prisons for violent offenses declined from 48.9 per centum in 1979 to 32.2 per centum in 1991 ( Chensey-Lind 1997 ) . That would go forth the balance of the close tripling of incarcerated adult females since the 1980 # 8217 ; s as nonviolent wrongdoers. Some of these adult females are imprisoned for belongings offenses, such as stealing for their drug wont, or frequently these adult females have been busted for drug trafficking, frequently referred to as drug mules ( persons caught traveling drugs for person else ) . Because of the compulsory lower limits, the tribunals can no longer take into consideration the grounds the wrongdoers committed their offense and degree sentences more appropriate such as probation with supervised guidance. Their custodies are tied to impose compulsory sen tences for even first clip wrongdoers. Most of the clip, much excessively rough for the offense, the culprit becomes the victim of the tribunal and its effort to contend the war on drugs. As they stand now, adult females incarcerated are non holding their demands met in respects to holding their jobs, frequently responsible for captivity, addressed by the system. For the most portion, limited financess are given by the authorities to fund the plans turn toing these issues, whether they be drug dependence clinics within the walls, or therapy to assist adult females avoid destructive relationships. Chesney-Lind provinces that every dollar spent locking up adult females could be better spent on services that would forestall adult females from fall backing to offense. Therefore, without the proper attending to these issues, a big part of the inmates will most likely return to their old life style and finally return to the prison system to be failed once more. Issues of gender differences in prisons from their male coevalss are over-emphazied in my sentiment. Some differences cited by Chesney-Lind are physical, childhood, maternity, and the deficiency of ethical strip-searches. Physical differences were highlighted in a paragraph discoursing concatenation packs. Persons from male chain-gangs were originating cases of unjust intervention because adult females were non required or even allowed for that affair to take part in these jaunts. The province this case was brought against was Alabama. They so created a adult females # 8217 ; s concatenation pack to extinguish the cases. Chesney-Lind seemed to believe this pathetic. I believe it was the right pick by the province. Womans do non necessitate to fit the work of the male inmate, but must make similar work in their ain capacity, for illustration adult females should non be required to raise the same sum of weight, but should be required to exercise comparable sums of physical energy. Physical maltreatment and early childhood maltreatment were debated by Chesney-Lind as a difference that is taken into consideration when comparing male versus female captivity. Harmonizing to her article, 43 per centum of adult females surveyed reported they had been abused at least one time before their current admittance to prison. Males given the same study resulted in merely 12.2 per centum coverage maltreatment. From my psychological science background I can easy province that work forces are 45 per centum less likely to acknowledge sexual maltreatment, and a just sum of those physically abused do non acknowledge it as maltreatment. I besides present the inquiry, # 8220 ; Are you non finally responsible for your ain actions? # 8221 ; If you can non command these actions, irrespective of the ground why, you are a menace to society, hence in demand of rectification. Motherhood for inmates is reeling. The inquiry is what to make about it. A survey by Bloom and Stienhart found that 38,000 adult females incarcerated mothered more than 56,000 kids. Besides uncovered in this survey about two tierces of female captives had a kid under the age of 18. No statute law can work out this job, and I do non believe there is any right reply every bit far as it concerns inmates at the single degree. To try to modulate this quandary overall, I would propose that no contact of any kid is to be given to the inmate during the term of the sentence. The province should adequate financess to back up the kid if no relation is willing or able to care for them decently. Babies born in prison should be nursed during the recommended continuance and set up for acceptance if the female parent is functioning the long terminal of a long term sentence or life in prison. If the female parent were allowed a short-run private bonding experience on occasion with a kid, I would trus t the same courtesy would be extended to an incarcera ted male parent. Stripe hunts are non an easy adaptable procedure for anyone at the having terminal. Stating the magnitude of adult females who are antecedently sexually abused and their inability to mentally pull off a strip hunt is merely silly. Men are merely every bit likely to non bask an invasion of their openings. I do non cognize of any adult male who goes to a physicians office trusting to acquire a custodies on anal investigation to look into his prostate secretory organ. A possible solution to this hideous event for adult females is to merely mandate a gynaecological visit for new inmates giving the option for a female physician to execute the process. This will see a proper process every bit good as satisfy a feminine medical demand merely as of import for adult females behind bars as for the free. I do non believe any of these subjects creates a leading difference between male and female demands with rectification. Women, for the most portion, autumn into offense for the same three grounds as work forces ; Drugs, poorness, and greed. Womans like work forces, do these things by pick. For the most portion, no 1 forces a acerate leaf in their arm, forces them to tribunal and sometimes get married an imbecile, have kids, bead out of school, or to hurt their parents and run with the # 8220 ; bad # 8221 ; crowd. These are picks and I feel they are all evitable. Just to clear up my thought form on this topic, here are a few illustrations of what I am mentioning excessively. A adult females who runs drugs for a lover. Idiot! A adult females who drops out of school. Idiot! A adult females who has kids before she can afford it. Idiot! A adult females who has sex for drugs or money. Idiot! A adult females who does drugs. Idiot! Chesney-Lind # 8217 ; s paper has a subject built in that she seems to believe most adult females would be better served in monitored halfway houses or other such establishments giving them aid and leting limited freedom. I believe this to a point. Yes, more instruction and options to larn new accomplishments are really necessary to supply an mercantile establishment for these adult females and work forces to get away traveling back to the same life style. I believe more financess should be provided by the imprisoning party to back up these plans behind bars. Possibly the province and federal authorities should originate these plans to everyone who is in danger of falling out of society and into offense before it happens. This all sounds great on paper, and I see enormous potency in the actions she wishes to seek for adult females while resenting her deficiency of concern for work forces. Her rubric would be more clearly written as, # 8220 ; Save the universe and start with the adu lt females because they are nicer after all! # 8221 ; My chief concern with the short approachs of her proposal, besides the fact work forces are outcasted, is her deficiency of acknowledging peoples inability to halt short of hitting stone underside. Along with a concern non related straight to Chesney-Lind. A general indecision at the authorities degree to set forth a mission statement sing the propose of captivity to get down with. Womans, like work forces, follow the same Torahs of human nature. Whether it is a rebellious adolescent or a down grownup, one time the cringle to catastrophe is fastened by dependence or the gyrating downward incline of easy money, it is up to the individual to acquire better. Halfway houses, I do non believe, will interrupt the rhythm of these cringles. Long stays in prisons with proper guidance and ample clip to reflect on 1s chosen way is sometimes the lone reply. I can non retrieve the captives name at FCI ( the last one to talk ) brought this point up crystal clear when a pupil asked if any alternate signifier of corrections could hold helped her. She spoke every bit rapidly as she seemed certain, # 8220 ; No, [ I believe this was the lone option. ] for me # 8221 ; I believe strongly that this adult females will non be coming back to prison. Her cringle seems broken. She seemed to bottom out. The of all time raging clash ( at least in my caput ) between prison as rectification or penalty, or both must be further addressed by the goevernments. One-half of me thinks Chesney-Lind # 8217 ; s thoughts of alternate corrections is the best manner to travel, and the other half Tells me to penalize this trash, they do non merit to walk my street and sit in my Parkss. Which is it? After many proceedingss of deep idea, I can merely believe of one via media to the state of affairs. Rewrite the jurisprudence books to divide nonviolent and violent wrongdoers when sentenced. Different prisons for different offenses and footings of sentence. Lifers, slayings, and rapers are imprisoned in penalty type prisons to adequately end any societal mercantile establishments they have, no contact with anything but agonising free clip to believe when difficult labour is non being served. Non-violent, and possibly maltreaters ( in the sense of kid hitters, married woman beaters ) could be better served in establishments that both provide instruction and mandate it to be released. They should besides supply reding for those with physically opprobrious natures and evidently drug dependence. Supplying group therapy for those who abused relations and/or their loved 1s. Reinstating a ego worth and accomplishments to last on when the sentence comes to the terminal, while supplying a p roper ambiance for the inmate to to the full understand what they have done and why they are at that place. Restricting this non merely to adult females, but to all work forces who qualify under the same offenses. I find it a awful shame that work forces are lumped together with merely the benefit of a few psychological science behavioural studies cursing them. But I guess, what can you anticipate from a universe still caught up with racial tenseness and sexual favoritism at the top of everyone # 8217 ; s thought procedure. If we were to really penalize those who score high on these studies, you # 8217 ; vitamin Ds have to throw away the cardinal twice on black work forces. I don # 8217 ; t purchase it, it is bull*censored* , and that is my personal position on Chesney-Lind and her paper, # 8220 ; Vengeful Equity: Sentencing Womans to Prison. # 8221 ; 325

Only Murder

Only Murder Only Murder Only Murder By Maeve Maddox A reader commenting on Persian Is a Lovely Word wonders about the difference between assassination and murder: Maybe Farsi is a racist word like hashassin is. I mean, why use assassin when the word is only used for VIPs? Why are ordinary people only murdered? Where do we draw the line? Certainly political speech writers, advertisers and religious leaders know how to choose words for emotional impact, but i have to disagree with the notion that murder is somehow a lesser word to describe the act of taking a persons life. The word assassination has a specific meaning that has nothing to do with class perceptions. By VIP I assume that the reader means any kind of wealthy celebrity, for example an actor or a star athlete, and not just a corporate executive, senator, or president. According to this definition, both President McKinley and John Lennon were VIPs, but McKinley was assassinated, while Lennon was murdered. The word assassin derives from an Arabic word. 1531 (in Anglo-L. from c.1237), via Fr. and It., from Arabic hashishiyyin hashish-users, pl. of hashishiyy, from hashish (q.v.). A fanatical Ismaili Muslim sect of the time of the Crusades, under leadership of the Old Man of the Mountains (translates Arabic shaik-al-jibal, name applied to Hasan ibu-al-Sabbah), with a reputation for murdering opposing leaders after intoxicating themselves by eating hashish. The pl. suffix -in was mistaken in Europe for part of the word (cf. Bedouin). Online Etymology Dictionary In English the word has retained its political associations. The most usual targets of assassination attempts are presidents, kings and other high-ranking political leaders. The hope of the assassin is to bring about social change on a large scale by eliminating a person perceived to be not just famous, but powerful. By extension, assassination can apply to a murder committed for ideological reasons. The murder of obscure employees of an abortion clinic could be classed as assassination if the murderer acted from a desire to put a stop to the activities of the clinic. The connotation that assassin has for English speakers may not translate to other languages. French, for example, has two words for murderer: meurtrier and assassin. As far as I can tell, they are used interchangeably. Murder is one of the most dreadful and powerful words in the language. The Old English word morà °or meant the secret killing of a person. Even in a society in which killing was common because of war and the tradition of the blood feud, the word murder was reserved for the most contemptible and horrendous of cowardly acts. Both assassination and murder refer to the deliberate taking of a life, but to me the word murderer carries a stronger emotional punch than assassin. More words to describe deaths resulting from other than natural causes: manslaughter: c.1300, from O.E. mannslà ¦ht (Anglian), mannslieht (W.Saxon), from man (q.v.) + slà ¦ht, slieht act of killing. Etymologically identical with homicide, but in legal use usually distinguished from murder and restricted to simple homicide. homicide: killing, c.1230, from O.Fr. homicide, from L. homicidium, from homo man + cidium act of killing. The meaning person who kills is also from O.Fr., from L. homicida, from -cida killer. execution: c.1360, from O.Fr. execution, from L. executionem agent noun from exequi follow out, from ex- out + sequi follow (see sequel). Sense of act of putting to death is from M.E. legal phrases such as don execution of deth carry out a sentence of death. suicide: deliberate killing of oneself, 1651, from Mod.L. suicidium suicide, from L. sui of oneself Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Comma After i.e. and e.g.What is Dative Case?The Two Sounds of G

A Collection of Zulu Proverbs

A Collection of Zulu Proverbs Much of Africas history has been passed on through the generations orally. One consequence of this is that traditional wisdom has been crystallized in the form of proverbs. Zulu Proverbs Here is a collection of proverbs attributed to the Zulu of South Africa. You can learn wisdom at your grandfathers feet, or at the end of a stick.Meaning: If you pay attention to what your elders are telling you and follow their advice, you wont have to learn things the hard way through experience. If you dont absorb what they have to say, you will have to learn your lessons by making mistakes and accepting the often-painful consequences.A walking man builds no kraal.Meaning: A kraal is a homestead. If you keep moving, you wont settle down or be forced to settle down.You can not know the good within yourself if you can not see it in others.Meaning: If you want to build self-esteem, you need to practice looking for good qualities in others and appreciating them. This in itself is a virtue, which will build goodness in you.When you bite indiscriminately, you end up eating your own tail.Meaning: Think before you act, especially when acting out of anger or fear. Plan your actions carefully so you dont make things worse.The lion is a beautiful animal  when s een at a distance.Meaning: Things arent always as they seem at first glance, so be careful what you wish for; it may not be what is best for you. The bones must be thrown in three different places before the message must be accepted.Meaning: This refers to a divination ritual; you should consider a question multiple times in multiple ways before reaching a decision.Guessing breeds suspicion.Meaning: When you dont have all of the facts, you may come to false conclusions or experience paranoia. Its better to wait for solid evidence.Even immortals are not immune to fate.Meaning: Nobody is too big to take a fall. Your wealth, intelligence, and success wont protect you from random negative events.You cannot fight an evil disease with sweet medicine.Meaning: Fight fire with fire rather than turning the other cheek. This proverb advises war over diplomacy and not showing mercy to an enemy.Old age doesnt announce itself at the gate of the kraal.Meaning: Old age sneaks up on you; it doesnt simply arrive one day when you are expecting it.Almost doesnt fill a bowl.Meaning: You dont get partial credit for a failure; you will still suffer the consequences of the failure. You must complete a task and carry through to enjoy success. Dont bother to use the excuse that you tried and you almost succeeded. This is similar to Yodas, Do. There is no try.   Even the most beautiful flower withers in time.Meaning: Nothing lasts forever, so enjoy it while you have it.The sun never sets that there has not been fresh news.Meaning: Change is the one constant.

PhD - comprehensive exam - rewrite - question 1 Essay

PhD - comprehensive exam - rewrite - question 1 - Essay Example However, in developing countries improvement of existing infrastructure still remains the most integral element of the public policy. Although the direct relationship between availability of developed infrastructure and healthier economy is still debated, there is little doubt that such relationship exists and has been confirmed, both explicitly and implicitly, in a plethora of studies. Research in the field of infrastructure development in developing countries features a number of distinctive techniques, assumptions, limitations, different potential for error and error minimization techniques. Such variety is, obviously, due to extreme broadness of the term ‘infrastructure’. The American Heritage Dictionary, defines this word as â€Å"the basic facilities, services, and installations needed for the functioning of a community or society, such as transportation and communications systems, water and power lines, and public institutions including schools, post offices, and prisons.†1 Furthermore, rapid technological and political evolution has resulted in some other important concepts (e.g. homeland security) being defined under this term. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast research methodologies used to study the development of infrastructure in developing countries. Since the term infrastructure is too broad, only one type of infrastructure services, namely librarianship, has been chosen as the focus of this research. The choice is determined by the reasonable consideration that narrowing the research subject will facilitate the process of comparison and reduce the potential for error. The scarcity of serious research in the field of infrastructure improvement in developing countries provides another justification for the choice. The author and supervisor agreed to take librarianship as the focal point in achieving the research purpose. Hemami’s

The Perceived Social Impacts of the 2006 Football World Cup Research Paper

The Perceived Social Impacts of the 2006 Football World Cup - Research Paper Example From a general point of view, the authors discussed all the positive and negative impacts that previous authors have associated with sporting events. The article then narrows down to the specific case of the 2006 football world cup. A close analysis at the world cup event reveals the presence of both positive and negative social impacts. These reviews will highlight the key findings from the research conducted by the authors. The article offers an extensive literature review on the perceived social impacts of sports events. This lays a good background for the research conducted by the authors. From the literature review, it emerges that sports events register some critical positive impacts such as a sense of pride, entertainment opportunities, shared experiences, promotional of regional identity, the introduction of new ideas, expansion of cultural perspectives, validation of community pride, as well as increased community participation. On the other hand, sports events present some undesirable negative social impacts such as theft, noise, bad fan behavior, traffic congestion, social dislocation, community alienation, and prostitution. In order to investigate the social impacts registered by 2006 football world cup, the authors adopted the approach of measuring host community perceptions. This method has the potential of identifying different perceptions held by different individuals in the host community . As highlighted by the authors, the subjectivity of this approach is its main disadvantage. The authors relied on face-to-face structured interviews with selected Munich residents. They made use of questionnaires, which were filled in by the interviewers. Random sampling was used to identify the participants from different suburbs of Munich. The authors identified 180 responses, but only 130 interviews occurred. Notably, the researchers ensured that the participants were from different age groups.

Workforce Diversity Essay Example for Free

Workforce Diversity Essay An organisation is said to be a social arrangement for achieving controlled performance in pursuit of collective goals (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2010, Seventh Edition). The social arrangement referred to the group of people who interacted with each other as a result of their membership in the organisation; whilst collective goals meant that the members shared the same goals and objectives. These concepts, especially collective goals, were the major arguments advocated by classical management theorists to explain the nature of economic and social life within the organisation. For example, Weber (1964) stressed the importance of rationality and impersonality, and argued that, managers and employees behaved and interacted in a stable and rational way. Henri Fayol (1916) also advocated for the subordination of personal interests and preferences because ignorance, ambition, selfishness and all other human passions tend to cause the general interest to be lost sight of However, as a result of modern growth and expansion of businesses in a globalized economy, corporations became more complex, providing manager with the problem of controlling and organising economic activities. It also resulted in the re-examination of using classical management theories in explaining the new social arrangement, as classic writers focused on rationality and impersonality as it improved organisational efficiency and tended to neglect what McGregor (1960) described as the human side of the enterprise. In other words, there was need to examine the social interaction amongst members of the organisation, as well as recognize that there were differences that existed that prevented a homogeneous workforce. It was these differences that are part of the workforce diversity concept. Workforce diversity, then, is the concept of accepting that the workforce consists of a diverse population of people. The diversity consists of visible and non-visible differences which will include factors such as gender, age, background, race, personality and work style. It is founded on the premise that harnessing these differences will create a productive environment in which everybody feels valued, and where their talents are being fully utilised (Fullerton and Kandola, 1994). In other words, workforce diversity concept accepts that there are fundamental differences in the organisations social arrangement and theses differences play a significant role in achieving organisational objectives, at is has both benefits and implications which can affect the company. Ignoring the importance of workforce diversity can cost the organisation time, money and efficiency. It can lead, for example, to an inability of the organisation to attract and retain talented people of all kinds. For example, Ron Ruggles (2004) argued that in the restaurant industry, it would be difficult to fully staff restaurants, retain management and staff at competitive leadership levels, as well as broaden our understanding of and appeal to our diverse customer base without diversity. We can see then, ignoring workforce diversity can lead to high employee turnover, which in itself would mean a loss in investment in recruitment and training. It would also lead to a limited customer base, thus reducing the potential profit to be earned by the organisation, and can cause the company that is not diverse to be viewed negatively by the public and customers, resulting in a further loss of goodwill and reputation. Ignoring workforce diversity can also lead to legal complaints and action, as the company may be perceived as discriminatory. For example, Clive Seligman (2003) highlighted the case of Wilfrid Laurier University in Ontario, Canada, which advertised a female only faculty position in Development Psychology, with Professor Angelo Santi, chair of the department , admitting that they would not consider a male for the position, even if he were to be better qualified. This practice could be seen as unfair and discriminatory and may have resulted in controversy and bad reputation for the University. This could also happen to an organisation if they were to utilize such practices. Despite this, workforce diversity also has benefits if managed properly, which would be of significant interest to the organisation. One benefit of managing workforce diversity is that it allows for better use of societys stock of human resources, and thus allows the organisation to access the range of skills, expertise and talents available. As Elaine Keight, manager of car manufacturer Jaguar Land Rover said, We are focusing on investing in our work environment to ensure that there are no barriers to anyone joining the company. We want to attract the best talent available, not just graduates, but from all section of the community. (Broughton and Strebler, 2008). This would be important to an organisation, as it should ideally pursue a workforce possessing different skills and backgrounds, and not just from a narrow cross section of society. Workforce diversity may also be significant to the firm in that it can improve levels of social understanding which may lead to new target markets. As Lynn Sullivan (1998) stated, Having a diverse workforce will result in having the capacity to develop more creative ideas and solve problems. After all, people of different backgrounds bring a wide range of experience and more ways of looking at an issue. Chris Pierce et al (2004) concurred, stated that recruiting and retaining people of diverse backgrounds who can share a common business approach is a priority Diversity in gender, age and race is correlated with superior business performance in worker productivity, gross revenue, market share and shareholder value. This means that members of a diverse workforce will be able to give different insights on particular problems and issues, for example, how different products and services may be viewed by different groups, either positively or negatively, which can be a useful tool for the organisation to gauge how successful the product might be. The challenge of workforce diversity, therefore, lies in the continuous improvement of integration and social acceptance of people from different backgrounds. People possess different human characteristics which influences the way they think, act interact and make choices. It is these differences which offer challenges to building trust and commitment and affect the ability to effectively function together. (Kelly, 2001). To address this challenge, management can promote diversity, by various methods, such as mentoring diverse employees; empowering employees to challenge discriminatory behavioural acts and perceptions, as well as provide training for increasing the accuracy of perceptions, and create an appreciation for diverse skills. By doing this management can avoid future problems as well as deal with current issues that may occur in the organisation, thereby improving and strengthening organisational performance. We have, therefore, evaluated the significance of workforce diversity as it relates to the modern organisation, by analyzing the benefits and challenges of workforce diversity, as well as the consequences and adverse repercussions the organisation may encounter if it were to ignore workforce diversity issues.

Free Narrative Essays - Before You Leap :: Personal Narrative Essays

Before You Leap One bright Easter day about four years ago, my family had gone to my grandparents' house to celebrate Easter like we usually do each year. We talked, ate, and had fun. Little did we know when we drove up to the house that, by the end of the day, we would be in a hospital emergency room. It all started when my cousin suggested that we have a water fight. We had water guns and "water Easter eggs." These were plastic eggs filled with water that would come open when you hit someone. My cousin Ryan and I were on one team and my cousins Philip and Lance were on another team. We played outside the house and also on a deck extending from the second floor of my grandparent's house. For about thirty minutes we played and got a little wet but nobody had been hurt. At one point during the game, when I was inside, my cousin Philip, who was on the deck, said "I've had enough. Come out here." "Is this a trick?," I asked. It seemed a little suspicious. "No, of course not. I'm just sick of this game." "Well, okay." I hesitated then decided to go out to the deck. "Ha! Got you!" said my other opponent, Lance, who was hiding behind the door with a water egg in his hand. "Liar!," I yelled at Philip. My instant reaction was to jump off the deck onto the grass below. I had done it many times before and knew that I would be okay. That way I could get away from Lance and I would not lose the water fight. The water egg whizzed right past my head as I vaulted over the railing of the deck. I shouted "Missed me!" without thinking about or looking at what was below me. The only thing that I was thinking about on the way down was not getting hit with that water egg. This thoughtlessness was my big mistake. Since I was not paying attention on the way down, I lost my balance and landed on my left foot in a painful fall. "Are you all right?

Emily Dickinson needs no introduction

Emily Dickinson needs no introduction. One of the most prolific and renowned poets in the literary world, Dickinson still remains largely a mystery. She is often labeled as a lifelong recluse who did nothing but sit in her attic all day and scribble poetry. However, Dickinson’s poetry reveals a soul keenly in tune with the human condition. The simple and always relatable poetry of Dickinson serves as her greatest autobiography, and as a testament to humanity itself. She was and remains the master of capturing emotion in a literary statue.Happiness, anger, envy, surprise—every feeling that man has ever felt flowed from Dickinson’s pen at some point. One subject contains all of these emotions, and this subject both haunted and fascinated Emily Dickinson throughout her life: death. The poet wrote passionately about death many times, but one poem—one image–in particular resonated with readers in its stark, memorable simplicity. In â€Å"I heard a fly b uzz when I died,† Dickinson masterfully interweaves tone, style, and imagery to capture a speaker in the midst of life’s greatest questioning challenge†¦. its own conclusion.In the poem, life’s end is represented through the persona of a dying individual. The condition of the terminally ill speaker emerges through the poem’s compact, simplistic, yet conflicted structure and in its one powerful symbolic theme. Consider, for example, the simple sounds which recur and reinforce the speaker’s thoughts. Soft ‘w’ (â€Å"Was† (3), â€Å"were† (6), â€Å"when† (7), â€Å"witnessed† (8), â€Å"willed† (9), â€Å"what† (10), â€Å"with† (13), â€Å"windows† (15)) and ‘s’ (â€Å"signed† (9), â€Å"see† (16), â€Å"assignable† (11)) sounds give the language a sighing quality, perhaps the labored breaths of someone whose every breath is a precious commodit y.Yet these soft sounds are accentuated by an aggressive assault of ‘st’ syllables (â€Å"stillness† (3), â€Å"storm† (4), â€Å"stumbling†(13)), as if the speaker is struggling with a mental block of resistance. Death also looms in the aphoristic nature of the speaker’s language. With just a few well-chosen words (a dying breath)—â€Å"stillness† (3), â€Å"wrung† (5), â€Å"storm† (4), â€Å"stumbling† (13)—the speaker provides powerful insight into the complex feelings which accompany death. Who else but a dying person would understand the value of quality over quantity?This human conflict is further reinforced by the alternating long and short lines which constitute the final stanzas. While the opening stanzas form near-perfect boxes (the very symbol of control), the frenzied push-pull of the speaker’s closing thoughts offers a concrete snapshot of the inner turmoil that surrounds impendin g death. The moment of transformation for the speaker—from peaceful resolve to subtle panic—is highlighted by a â€Å"Dickinson Dash† (Milani, â€Å"Dickinson Analysis†) â€Å"†¦.Could make assignable,–and then/There interposed a fly† (11-12). Can the majesty of death be reduced to a mere fly’s presence? Is the majesty merely an illusion? (Frankowski, â€Å"Death†) The fly itself is the anchor symbol in a speaker’s mindset largely devoid of elaborate imagery (Frankowski, â€Å"Death†). Throughout the poem, the speaker eludes to a need for some magical spiritual fulfillment: â€Å"And breaths were gathering sure/For that last onset, when the king/Be witnessed in his power† (6-8).However, the only constant—the only true anchor—for the speaker as death approaches is the â€Å"uncertain, stumbl[ing], buzz[ing]†¦fly† (12-13). Does the small creature steal away the speaker’s peace by standing â€Å"Between the lights and me† (14)? Or does the fly’s final farewell (its auditory buzz) remind the speaker that he or she need not â€Å"see to see† (16). Does true sight come from the eyes, or does true sight—true light in fact—shine from a higher source?Perhaps the speaker’s musings are not random, but a confessed realization to the most enlightened audience of all, the Creator Himself. Why might one assume that the speaker is addressing God? First, and most simply, the speaker’s narrative occurs after death: â€Å"I heard a fly buzz when I died† (1). Yet evidence for the speaker’s intended audience also appears on a deeper level. The abstract diction of the speaker suggests a metaphysical plane: â€Å"stillness† (3), â€Å"form† (3), â€Å"breaths† (6), â€Å"power† (8), â€Å"light† (14), â€Å"air† (3), and even the formless â€Å"buzz† (1).Furth er, the formal tone (â€Å"The stillness round my form† (2); â€Å"What portion of me I/Could make assignable† (10-11)) carried throughout the piece would likely be reserved for only the most respected and wise of listeners. In addition, the iambic trimeter rhythm (Milani, â€Å"Dickinson Analysis†) of the speaker’s words and the traditional ABCB rhyme scheme summons a classic adherence to timeless laws and beauty. A dying speaker and a celestial audience provide the most powerful backdrop for the poem’s ultimate theme: mental and spiritual conflict.

Contemporary Designers Essay

Contemporary designers are creators of objects, buildings or surroundings that rely on characteristics such as lines, smooth and sleek surfaces, very little intricate details. There designs are spacious and/or comfortable, with the asset of clutter. However they must study design history because to open their mind to the past they will learn new ideas and ideologies, â€Å"To know nothing of what happened before you were born is to remain forever a child,† Marcus Tullius Cicero, a famous philosopher (106-43 BC)1. The 3 main reasons why learning design history is useful are firstly because it will help advance and learn from success and failures. Secondly to maintain sustainability within our world for future generations and thirdly to learn more about other past cultures. Researching history is valuable in learning from successes and failures for contemporary designers. Confucius (551–479 BC) a famous Chinese teacher and philosopher supports this and explains how we sho uld â€Å"Study the past if you would define the future.†2 From ancient civilisations we have learnt to take these valuable skills and accomplishments to help build our outstanding society today. For example Roman buildings (27BC- 476 AD) has lasted for more than 2,000 years and they have given us 3 main successful architectural elements to learn and base new designs upon: the arch, the vault, and concrete. The main one of these for contemporary designers to look upon is the arch and concrete in which we can use their useful elements of strength to help buildings last longer. The Pont du Gard Aqueduct Bridge (seen in Appendix Picture 1) in France is a great element that was successfully created and, consists of three tiers of arches, with smaller arches on the top tier.4 The Roman Coliseum was made of concrete and consisted of arches structured within its design. It was built in 72-80 CE5 and still stands today and designers can learn from these past successes of strength within the design using these characteristics which are important for future projects in allowing them to be more long lasting to teach future generations also, â€Å"History is for human self-knowledge †¦ the only clue to what man can do is what man has done† – David Hume, philosopher.6 We can also learn from the mistakes of design, and try to avoid them next time. George Santayana a famous philosop her  scholar and novelists supports this by explaining that, â€Å"Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.†7 For example the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge shocked everyone in 1940 as it was the most modern suspension bridge for its time. The cause of its destruction was the random action of turbulent wind. From these failures however industrialists and architects learnt that the design failed due to excessive flexibility, drag and lift created by the solid plate girder and meniscal aerodynamic forces acknowledged.9 Attributes like this we can use to steer clear from and learn to think about what aspects will affect our design to base what designers may create on what was successful from the pass – â€Å"Instead we must be willing to face our past now, overcome it, and from this we will learn from it forever,† J. Johnson (Musician).10 The second reason why it is useful from learning from design history is for sustainability. This is an important factor for our future as a whole as the Future Annual Report Sates (2000), â€Å"Sustainable development is a dynamic process which enables all people to realise their potential, and to improve their quality of life, in ways which simultaneously protect and enha nce the Earth’s life support systems.†11 The sustainable materials and structures are simple ways of past civilisations portraying to contemporary designers simple and effective ways to be â€Å"green.† For example the ancient Persian Wind Towers (Seen in Appendix Picture 2) were elaborate ventilation and cooling systems and rivals the contemporary equivalents today. They use a mixture of structural positioning, pressure differences and running water. They are wind catcher structures and control temperatures even in the severest of desert environment with cool nights and scorching hot days.13 Another is the Passive solar Orientation for heating.14 This was introduced by the ancient Greeks. Much like our world today they ran into fuel shortages so they had to think about how to maximise heat gain and the retention during winter months. They did this by building cities/houses towards the southern exposure to capture the sun’s rays.15 Now a days designers just build things without purpose or sustainability wasting resources and harming the earth and they need to natural resources are allow and we need to sustain ourselves sometime in the future, supported by Victor Papanek a famous designer â€Å"†¦ by choosing materials and processes that pollute the air we breathe, designers have become a dangerous breed.†16 The third reason toà ‚  why contemporary designers should learn about design history is to preserve culture and sites and which will also create a sense of place, because the past is the root of our society values and it is what makes us today which is why we should acknowledge its importance – â€Å"A person without the knowledge of their past history, origin and culture is like a tree without roots† Marcus Garvey (Jamaican political leader). Contemporary designers should design something whereby people can learn about contemporary cultures a lot more by visiting where they have thrived. For example when visiting the ancient Mayan temples in Mexico, citizens will have a greater understanding of the origins of Mexican values as well as their culture from the Pre-classic period to the Colonial period. In addition to learn about our culture and where we come from can help not just the general public but also researchers helping us to understand more about ourselves scientifically opening our mind to new discoveries and technologies – â€Å"Culture is the widening of the mind and of the spirit, † Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime minister of India.19 Heritage sites can tell us about pass species like the Galapagos Islands and tell us about evolution as well as the Valcamonica rock art in Italy (seen in picture 3 of appendix).20 It can explain how human societies developed, teaching us more about our past creatin g a sense of place and important knowledge of where we came from, which is what designers should do and create something that will help and form the future. -â€Å"Every piece of history is a piece of human nature,† Joss Whedon, an American writer. They should have the motivation to design a product or building that will be remembered that will push the boundaries of current technology for us to build upon in –â€Å"Without culture, and the relative freedom it implies, society, even when perfect, is but a jungle. This is why any authentic creation is a gift to the future,† supported by Albert Camus a French novelist and journalist. For example the ancient pyramids of Egypt (2630 BC–2611 BC) show great human accomplishment as today it still marvels researchers on how the Egyptians built these magnificent sites without the use of basic technology. Overall these three reasons portray why learning design history is so useful through learning from past mistakes and successes, learning how to become more sustainable without using harmful materials and learning from different cultures to view where our values came from incorporated with creating a sense of place for  future generations to learn from. It is impor tant to learn from the past otherwise we know very little of the present or future and become ignorant to everything around us that may help us strive in the future – â€Å"A generation which ignores history has no past: and no future,† supports and said by Robert Heinlein a famous writer. Referencing: 1 McDermott, Brian. 2001. â€Å"Quotes about History.† Accessed August 31st, 2014. http://homepage.eircom.net/~odyssey/Quotes/History/Historians.html 2 Moncur, Michael. 1994. â€Å"The Quotations page.† Accesssed August 31st , 2014. http://www.quotationspage.com/quote/29259.html 3Karen Carr. 2012. â€Å"Roman Architecture.† Accessed August 31st, 2014. http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/romans/architecture/romarch.htm 4Wikipeadia. 2014. â€Å"Pont du Gard.† Accessed September 1st, 2014. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_du_Gard 5 Wikipeadia. 2014. â€Å"Colosseum.† Accessed September 1st, 2014. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum 6 Russel Tarr. 1998. â€Å"Active History.† Accessed September 1st, 2014. http://www.activehistory.co.uk/historical_quotations.htm 7 Indiana University. 2011. â€Å"The Santayana Edition.† Accessed September 4th, 2014. http://iat.iupui.edu/santayana/content/santayana-quotations 8 Claudia Bingham Baker. 2005 . â€Å"Tacoma Narrows Bridge.† Accessed September 4th, 2014. http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/tnbhistory/machine/machine3.htm 9 Claudia Bingham Baker. 2005. â€Å"Tacoma Narrows Bridge.† Accessed September 4th, 2014. http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/tnbhistory/machine/machine3.htm 10 SearchQuotes. 2014. â€Å"Learning From The Past.† Accessed September 7th, 2014. http://www.searchquotes.com/viewimage/Learning_From_The_Past/355/ 11 Pavlova, Margarita. 2009. Technology and Vocational Education for Sustainable Development. Vol. 10. New York: Springer Publishing. 12 Web Ecoist. 2014. â€Å"7 Ancient Wonders of Green Design & Technology.† Accessed September 7th, 2013. http://webecoist.momtastic.com/2009/01/25/ancient-green-architecture-alternative-energy-design/ 13 Web Ecoist. 2014. â€Å"7 Ancient Wonders of Green Design & Technology.† Accessed September 7th, 2013. http://webecoist.momtastic.com/2009/01/25/ancient-green-architecture-alternative-energy-design/ 14Web Eco ist. 2014. â€Å"7 Ancient Wonders of Green Design & Technology.† Accessed September 7th, 2013. http://webecoist.momtastic.com/2009/01/25/ancient-green-architecture-alternative-energy-design/ 15Web Ecoist. 2014. â€Å"7 Ancient Wonders of Green Design & Technology.† Accessed September 7th, 2013. http://webecoist.momtastic.com/2009/01/25/ancient-green-architecture-alternative-energy-design/ 16 Victor J. Papanek. 1984. Design for the Real World: Human Ecology and Social Change. 1st ed. Chicago: Academy Chicago Publishing. 17 Brainy Quotes. 2001. â€Å"Marcus Garvey.† Accessed September 9th 2014. http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/m/marcusgarv365148.html 18 By Melanie J. Martin. 2014. â€Å"Why Are World Heritage Sites Important?† Accessed September 9th 2014. http://www.ehow.com/facts_5513442_world-heritage-sites-important.html 19 Brainy Quotes. 2001. â€Å"Jawaharlal Nehru.† Accessed September 9th, 2014. http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/j/jawaharlal141407.html 20 By Melanie J. Martin. 2014. â€Å"Why Are World Heritage Sites Important?† Accessed September 9th 2014. http://www.ehow.com/facts_5513442_world-heritage-sites-important.html 21 McDermott, Brian. 2001. â€Å"Quotes about History.† Accessed August 31st, 2014. http://homepage.eircom.net/~odyssey/Quotes/History/Historians.html 22 Good Reads. 2014. â€Å"Albert Camus.† Accessed September 12th, 2014. https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/209885-without-culture-and-the-relative-freedom-it-implies-society-even 23 Web Ecoist. 2014. â€Å"7 Ancient Wonders of Green Design & Technology.† Accessed September 7th, 2013. http://webecoist.momtastic.com/2009/01/25/ancient-green-architecture-alternative-energy-design/ 24 Good Reads. 2014. â€Å"Robert A. Heinlein.† Accessed September 12th, 2014. http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/186632-a-generation-which-ignores-history-has-no-past-and

Cleopatra VII essays

Cleopatra VII essays Life has abounded over the face of Egypt for thousands of years. The oldest standing monuments ever built by human hands are in Egypt. The ancient culture was one worshipping many gods and goddesses. It was believed that the pharaohs were gods, and the few female rulers, goddesses. Consider how sophisticated the Egyptians were to accept women rulers at all. Cleopatra was the last ruler, male or female, of the ancient world of pharaohs. Alexandria, her ruling city, was the center of learning and culture at that time. The city was home to people from all lands and all religious sects. The largest library in the world was housed there. Philosophers, astronomers, mathematicians, doctors, and people of all backgrounds of learning resided there in peace and enlightenment. Cleopatra lived her life to preserve this Egypt. Cleopatra VII was born in 69 BC in Alexandria, which was then the capital of Egypt. Cleopatra was born of the Ptolemy family. The Ptolemies were not of the same lineage as the ancient Egyptian pharaohs. The Ptolemies were Greek and came into power as Alexander the Great, a Macedonian, conquering the Egyptian land. One of his commanders, Ptolemy, ascended the throne and the Ptolemies ruled for 300 years adopting the customs of the ancient pharaohs. Cleopatra VII was the last pharaoh of the Ptolemy era, and the last pharaoh of the entire ancient civilization. Cleopatra grew knowing the threat of Roman power. Her father, Ptolemy XII, spent a great deal of his life appeasing the Romans with money so that he could remain sole ruler of Egypt and keep them out (Weigall 1924). Cleopatra would continue that combative legacy, after her fathers death, at the age of eighteen in 51 BC, by assuming the throne and courting the very threat itself by getting involved with Julius Caesar. It was customary in Egyptian tradition for Cleopatra to marry her brother, Ptolemy III, who was only twelve years old. This was a marriage of con...

Overview of Marlinspike Seamanship

Overview of Marlinspike Seamanship Over the past four hundred years, the lines and rigging aboard a vessel were the literal and figurative engines of commerce. Today the lines and wires we use require new techniques and now the term marlinspike seamanship encompasses many more materials. On most vessels lines still, play an important part in everyday operations. Every sailor must be able to tie some simple knots like a Bowline or Hitch and many old salts will tell you that you should be able to tie several knots with one hand in the dark. Thats not a joke; think about it. There is a lot of large gauges twisted line out there and thats the material for many knots and splices. We also need to work with a smaller braided line and cord in housekeeping situations. There can be plenty of downtime on a ship so knotwork can also become a profitable pastime if the work is fine enough for sale. The ability to rework a common base material into useful forms is valuable if it is for commerce or to replace a lost item in short order. Items like fenders can be made that are much more useful and attractive than inflatable fenders. A rope fender will never deflate, pop, or crack like an inflatable. So marlinspike seamanship itself can take many forms. Although many discount quality knotwork as a decorative skill or not useful in the modern industry there are plenty of vessels out there with plenty of durable and cheap knotwork. There are a few basic functions that all seafarers should know. Care of Ropes and Lines This is super basic but not everyone knows how quickly lack of care will destroy rope. The rope should be kept clean and dry at all times and if used in dirty or wet conditions, which is all the time on a ship, it needs to be cleaned before storage. In the time of natural fibers, the enemy was gritty dirt and sand that worked its way deep into the twist where it cut small fibers one by one. Today that is also an issue but add oil and grease to the problem when talking about synthetic ropes. Splices and Ends Making lines shorter and longer is an essential rope working skill. Splices let you join two ends semi-permanently by weaving the fibers back and forth until they intertwine and bind tight. Management of cut ends is also important to minimize loss from unraveling. This can be accomplished with a dip which is like heavy paint or by whipping the rope ends. Whipping consists of winding the waxed thread around a rope end to hold it together. Synthetic ropes can be cut cleanly and sealed at the same time with a heated electric cutting knife. Knots are important too and knowing many knots is valuable knowledge when you arrive on a new vessel. Sailors have exchanged knots since the beginning and an unseen knot is very valuable when only one sailor knows its construction. Learning Knots and Splices There are many ways to learn to knot these days. There are books that will teach you a hundred common knots and you can even get knot-tying lessons on your smartphone. The best book by far on the subject is Ashleys Book of Knots. Mr. Ashely was a young boy on the Northeast coast of the U.S. as whaling was fading and petroleum started to flow. The book was written in the 1940s but it tells a little story and some history with each of its 4000 knots, splices, and other amazing items. The diagrams take some concentration to follow but the somewhat narrative story gives first-hand knowledge of a huge range of historic ship operations and knotwork in the past several hundred years. Many of the knots and other items in the book are still surprisingly useful and every ship library should have at least one copy.

Effectiveness and coherence in the EU legal order would be better Essay

Effectiveness and coherence in the EU legal order would be better served if provisions in directives were deemed capable of horizontal direct effect - Essay Example This case highlighted that horizontal direct effect is concerned with the relationship of individuals and companies whereas vertical direct effect is concerned with the state’s obligation to ensure its observance and its compatibility with national law thereby allowing actions against the state. (Craig and de Burca, 2003) Directives generally do not have horizontal effect and are usually only enforceable against the state. It was noted in Courage Ltd v Crehan (Case c-453/99) that regulations can have horizontal direct effect. Directives are instructions issued through the EU that specify the result that is to be achieved by the implementation of the Directive. Governments can implement the directive in any manner they choose so long as the end result embodies the spirit of the directive. As directives only specify the expected result they cannot have direct effect. Directives do no create rights. (Craig and de Burca, 2003) There are some occasions where the courts have given direct effect to a directive such as in the case of Grad v Finanzamt Traunstein (Case 9/70) [1970] ECR 825 which was involved with VAT. In this case the European Court of Justice made the ruling that a directive and a decision could have direct effect if they imposed an obligation to achieve a required result. In order for someone to rely on the directives the government’s have to ensure that the directive has been implemented. In cases where the implementation of the directive has passed and the government has not implemented it the courts will have to decide whether the claimant can still rely on the directive. In Pubblico Ministero v. Ratti (Case 148/78) [1979] ECR 1629 the defendant had violated an Italian law in order to comply with an EEC directive on product packaging. The Italian government was seeking to prosecute the defendant for breaking the law. The courts stated in this case that the Italian

How to implement the five disciplines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How to implement the five disciplines - Essay Example Personal mastery is the development of a personal vision to make it a reality. Seeing things objectively and realizing the truth and the reality are important aspects in personal mastery as it develops creative tension that boosts an individual towards his vision. Personal mastery is developing one’s own vision for personal growth and development and for further development of his environment. Mental models are the internal assumptions, generalizations and pictures of the world that influences one’s understanding and actions. The importance of realizing these deeply ingrained assumptions and beliefs is to bring these beliefs and principles into the surface and scrutinize them. This way the individual will understand better their own beliefs and how to balance their beliefs and the beliefs of others. Shared vision is understanding that one’s personal vision can, in some way, be connected to another’s vision. With the development and understanding of a collective thinking, shared vision becomes a commitment on a shared belief rather than compliance in a vision or mission of a group or organization. Team learning is based on group interaction and group communication. This is the capability of group members to understand and be open to one another’s personal visions. Team learning also establishes the importance of dialogue and discussion, through which the gateways of communication and understanding each other and the way to a collective thinking and shared vision can be accomplished. Systems thinking is based on understanding the interrelationships of the structures and patterns that recur. It sees processes rather than a linear cause-effect snapshot of what is happening. It looks at the depth of the situation or scenario based on a conceptual framework that focuses on the cycles and archetypes. Systems thinking is what ties up all

Drug Addiction a Disease of the Brain Research Paper

Drug Addiction a Disease of the Brain - Research Paper Example On the other hand, the other side of the debate seeks to explain drug addiction by way of verifiable/measurable proof to label it as an actual disease. This brief analysis will attempt to provide the reader with a better understanding of both of these arguments, how they relate to the issue of drug abuse/addiction, and which of the two may be better in helping to explain the societal problems that are born from drug use/abuse. The first position which will be examined in this analysis will attempt to understand the views within the medical community with regards to the role that willpower plays in helping patients to overcome and continue to remain drug free. In expounding upon this view, the first article which was reviewed, Jacobsen’s â€Å"Theories Of Addiction: Methamphetamine Users' Explanations For Continuing Drug Use And Relapse â€Å", helps to paint the picture for why willpower in and of itself can often be the best means towards leading the user towards sobriety. With regards to treating drug abuse as a breakdown/failure of will, there are few options which the author puts forward. As such, the author attempts to quantify and lay out a framework for how willpower can be exorcised to help the drug user successfully quit their addiction. Although helpful in understanding one of the prime mechanisms by which the drug user can put away their habits, such an approach is simplistic and does not consider the physical dependence that is exhibited within many drug addicts (Caitlin et al 296). The fact of the matter is that drug addiction can be viewed as a function of time. For instance, the willpower model that has been mentioned may well work when the potential drug user is first presented with the opportunity to take drugs for the first time. In this way, a strong sense of will power and/or self assertion and presence of mind could keep the individual drug free in any given circumstance; however, once the individual has made the willful step to in gest, smoke, snort, or otherwise take drugs, there is often little that can be done to attempt to reclaim a sense of moral fortitude. It is important to note that this is not to say that the drug user is somehow inhuman and beyond help. There doubtless are many cases in which the drug user has come to a sense of realization and has decided that they must put away drugs in order to preserve their own life and happiness (as well as the life and happiness of their family and loved ones) (Miller 16). Unfortunately, this is not the norm. Rather, addiction is usually typified by a selfish need/satisfaction matrix. Rather than being aware of basic human emotions that are driven by a sense of shame and the need to use willpower over an issue in order to fix it, the user/abuser oftentimes is completely unaware of such logic as they are chemically bound to seeking the next high. As such, any across the board statements with relation to how the individual should simply realize that they are de pendent and exert a sense of willpower over the vice as a means of bettering their own life is patently short-sighted. In this way, a more complete and differentiated approach to dealing with and understanding drug abuse is necessary to work to assuage the problem. The second approach with which this brief analysis will consider

Social Networking And Knowledge Management Media Essay

Social Networking And Knowledge Management Media Essay Social networking, also referred to as social media, is an online network where a group of people get connected by bonds of friendship, professional relationship or some kind of common interest and passion. It comprises many internet based tools that let people to communicate, interact, engage and collaborate with each other in real-time, hence a place for exchanging information. With the emergence of web 2.0 technology, the social media and networking sites became very popular. Some of the examples are blogs; microblogs like twitter; social networking sites like facebook, myspace; professional networks like linkedin; wikis, video sharing sites like youtube; social bookmarking sites like delicious; photosharing sites like flickr; presentation sharing sites like slideshare; podcasts, forums, virtual world like second life. Earlier, social networking was developed as a tool for connecting family and friends, now it has evolved into an effective knowledge management tool exclusively used by business houses, companies and organisations for communicating their interests, for promoting and marketing their business products, and for increasing their visibility to global audience. The power of social media and networking lies in their versatility everyone in a network can express in any language, in any matter anytime. The advantage over the conventional media such as newspapers, radios, television is that people get the first hand information in real-time and they can further communicate and share the news, events or received information to their other networks instantly to reach the wider audience. The ease with which people can connect themselves and express their opinion, and the pace with which the information spread has made the social media and networking even more dynamic and popular. The world news agencies like CNN and BBC, research organisations like National Geography, the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Intel and several global companies and organisations are taking advantage of the social media in reaching their messages to the wider audience. The social networking can also be used for uplifting the society and community. Example is BraveHeart Women network (http://www.braveheartwomen.com/). It is a womens social networking site joined by women who feel confident about being themselves and who follow their own hearts and instinct for life. The site is created by Dr. Ellie Drake, who envisioned bringing women together from all parts of the world to support each others cause in creating a purposeful life with passion and prosperity. The site regularly features interviews with women who have a purpose in life encouraging many others to come forward and make their life meaningful. The other social network for a cause is Changents (http://changents.com/). Changents is a privately owned and operated storytelling and social networking platform, launched in June 2008 by Alex Hofmann and Deron Triff. The network features multimedia profiles of individuals, called Change Agents, who are working to create positive changes in the area s of global warming, corporate responsibility, disaster relief, education, energy, environment, health, homelessness, human rights, hunger, politics, terrorism, tolerance, violence and war conflict. These Change Agents share their ongoing, personal stories through videos, photos, blogs, twitter, and other media. The Changents community is made up of Change Agents and Backers a term used to describe supporters from around the world who associate with and help Change Agents on the site. Backers are able to create personal profiles and interact with Change Agents and other Backers via commenting, action requests (engagement/support opportunities), and Changents messaging feature. Above mentioned are two examples of specific kind of social networking sites. The features of the social media vary depending on their purpose. There are sites of general interest and sites where you are able to develop more professional contact and have focused discussion. In order to take utmost advantage of social media, one may need to have account with different sites. For example, a facebook account can be used for global networking, a twitter for micro blogging, a youtube for sharing video, slideshare for presentation sharing and so on. Updating multiple social sites is not an easy task. However, with the advancement of computer technology, different social media can be integrated an update in one is automated in others. For example, if you update your status or share information on your facebook, you can also have them updated onto your twitter account without actually getting into the twitter site that means you are updating or sharing your information with all the friends in different networking. Imagine if you had to do this for each site separately! The Internet in combination with social media created a dynamic and indispensible communication platform and infrastructure for 21st century. With the use of the devices like smart phones and iPads, people can connect to their social networking anytime from anywhere provided the devices are equipped with the Internet connectivity. Most of such devices these days come with widgets of various social media which provide an excellent and easy way for people to stay connected and communicate with their network as and when they require. This is a big advantage in terms of knowledge management as people no more need to have access to computer or any other media for sharing information, they can share through their hand-held devices as they experience or encounter any event during travel, in work or anywhere. What if this feature of social networking is transformed into community support during emergencies for providing on-the-ground information in disaster areas? Twitter became the source of information and news for many. The application like Yoono (http://www.yoono.com/) helps to bring most of the social networking in a single window so that you dont need to logged in into different accounts to get updates which saves enormous amount of time to track all your networks desktop version of Yoono as well as FireFox and Chrome add-ons are available for free. ICIMOD has facebook (http://www.facebook.com/icimod) and twitter (http://www.twitter.com/icimod) for sharing news, events and other information; and youtube (http://www.youtube.com/icimod) for sharing short videos. These tools will help people interested in/about ICIMOD, to keep themselves updated on the activities of ICIMOD in an efficient way, and at the same time they can share the ICIMOD updates further with their networks. Security threats to IT system, time spent by staff and individuals in social networking are considered as major drawbacks of the social media whereas rapid sharing of information is considered as the advantage. Despite the drawbacks, social media is gaining more and more popularity among companies, organisations and individuals for sharing information so dont be surprised if you see the social networking ID in the business card you receive from your business client or your friend, people are already using one in their websites.

To Kill A Mockingbird: Childhood Experience :: essays research papers

To Kill A Mockingbird: Childhood Experience   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Have you ever thought of an answer to reply to your children, when they ask you, â€Å"What was the world like when you were a child?†, â€Å"What things that happened that impressed you most when you were a child?† or â€Å"How interesting is your childhood experience?†. Everybody must have had their childhood. Some of the experiences may cause them to smile, or even laugh, while some of them may bring back bitter memories. It is always hard to express the childhood incidents or experience in a clear and interesting way, since they were past memories that happened long time ago. Moreover, when a person has grown up, they will never have the same feeling which they might have in their childhood. However, the authors Harper Lee and Mark Twain can express their own childhood inside the stories they created, in a lively and realistic way. The two novels To Kill a Mockingbird and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer have a very similar characteristic. It is the way they describe a person's childhood experience, and their feelings and new knowledge that come out from those experiences. This characteristic, however, has given me a big revelation after reading the two novels. The novels show that the childhood experience of a person has a great positive influence on his personality, behaviour, and ways on dealing with others. This idea has been shown by the authors in both novels.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From the novel To Kill a Mockingbird, one could discover that innocent behaviour and misunderstanding can lead a child to view a person or thing incorrectly and incompletely. This behaviour can also lead a child to a wrong perspective. In the first part of To Kill a Mockingbird, the main characters Scout, Jem, and Dill thought that the Radley family and their member, Boo Radley, as strange and unnatural human beings. They described Radley's house as â€Å"That is a sad house....† (Harper Lee, 48). This is a â€Å"fact† they heard from their neighbours. Until one day, their neighbour Miss Maudie's house was found on fire. While Scout was standing outside in the cold watching the fire, someone from behind her and put a blanket around her shoulders. Later, Scout and Jem realized that there was only one person in town who had not fought to put out the fire -- Boo Radley. Scout asked, â€Å"Thank who?†(Harper Lee, 76). Jem replied, â€Å"Boo Radley. You were so busy looking at the fire you didn't know it when he put the blanket around you.†(Harper Lee, 76) It was then that Scout and Jem started

The Kroger Company

The Kroger Company is an Ohio based retailer and manufacturer of grocery products with over 2,000 retail outlets covering 24 states. There are ten Kroger Marketing Areas that report to Headquarters in Cincinnati, Ohio. The Michigan Kroger Marketing Area covers the State of Michigan with offices in Livonia. The Livonia office supports 83 retail stores in the state with local Marketing, Product Procurement, Personal Training, Merchandising, Market Research and Facility Engineering. The role of a Produce Buyer for Kroger requires many management skills. The Buyer has to depend on many different individuals to get product from the field to the hands of shoppers. The individuals the Produce Buyer deals with includes people inside Kroger and outside organizations such as growers, distributors, brokers, jobbers and trucking companies. The Produce Buyer†s responsibilities include procurement of product, pricing of product, shipping of product, retail-merchandising direction, forecasting and evaluating department performance. The Produce Buyer needs to examine multiple items to develop the plan for getting produce to the consumer. The first step is developing an Ad-plan to meet their sales and profit objectives. The design of an Ad-plan requires current knowledge of market conditions, competition checks, last year†s ad-plans, last year†s sales and movement reports, and sales meetings. Market conditions include product availability, seasonal products, quality of product, growing areas, and product and transportation cost. Analyzing the competition involves visiting competitors† stores and reviewing their advertisements from prior years. Reviewing Kroger†s previous year advertisements assists in developing a base for an effective Ad-plan. The use of sales and movement reports supplies performance of the Ad-plan implemented for the same time period last year. The sales meeting involves the gathering of all merchandising directors and local VP†s to coordinate the process of developing an overall Ad-plan for the Michigan Kroger Marketing Area. The Ad-plan meeting is used to make adjustments and corrections to achieve the sales goals and objectives for the entire organization. The Produce Buyer needs to make use of multiple forms of communication to perform their daily duties. The use of email and faxes are mechanisms to help facilitate the procurement process. Email is used to get market conditions from various parts of the country, transmit purchase orders, confirmation of orders, interoffice communication, store communication and vendor solicitations. Received faxes supply market conditions for the country, vendor solicitations, response to product recalls and survey orders. The phone is used to contact stores about quality problems, receive detailed feedback from brokers, make product orders, schedule meetings, and locate late deliveries. The two key organizing functions a Produce Buyer would use to achieve projected goals are developing Sales Plans and Department Layouts. The Sales Plan and Department Layouts provide stores with information on where and how to display products and gives them ordering guidelines. This information is used to determine what to buy and how much product should be purchased. The placement of product within a store has a direct effect on the amount of product that will be sold. Placing bananas on the end of a display piece will move better than if placed between apples and pears. The growing area would have a direct effect on the quality and appearance of the product that could result in an increase or a decrease in sales. If Florida†s strawberries lacked color, then the determination would be made to purchase from the colorful California variety to produce the needed sales. The process of establishing standards, goals and targets, measuring performance and identifying deviations for the Produce Buyer are the guidelines for a manager to insure plans are carried out or modified to achieve the organization†s strategy. The sales plan is set by the Produce Buyer as a tool for the store produce department manager to use as a guideline to reach the target goals for the buyer. The sales plan supplies the necessary merchandising standards for the stores to help maximize sales. These include special product handling, ordering specifications, fruit layout and cross merchandising tips. The buyer†s performance is gauged by monitoring product movement on a daily basis, by weekly sales reports that recap the previous week†s retail sales and profit and comparison of these figures to the set budget. The other gauge used is the shipment report to evaluate actual movement versus projected movement of the week. The sales plan requires adjustment when projected sales and profit are not met for the week. To compensate for not achieving the week†s targets the following week†s sales plan must be modified in an effort to meet the goals. The Buyer uses a budget as a control tool to set goals for sales, expenditures, and profits. At Kroger, the Buyer strives to achieve both a sales dollar goal and a profit percent goal. These goals are set up in four-week increments called periods. There are thirteen periods in a calendar year. The first step in the budgeting process is to develop a sales forecast and sales budget. In the Kroger organization, each of the ten Marketing Areas† controllers are given a budget by the Cincinnati corporate office for their division. The controller in turn requires that the Merchandising Director of each department submit a sales and rate for the entire year broken down by period. The directors need to consider economic conditions, competitors† actions, and seasonal fluctuations to ensure an accurate forecast. Once the Directors have completed their departmental budgets, they return them to the controller for their review. The controller will apply these budgets to the planned budget for the Marketing area and if needed, the Directors may be requested to fine tune their projections in a effort to meet the needs of the entire company. It is the ultimate responsibility of the controller to ensure the Marketing Area stays on the correct path to return the expected results. The Buyer uses the budget set by the Director of the department as a guideline in planning, organizing, and controlling procurement activities. An operating report is issued at the end of each period, which summarizes the sales, revenues, and expenses and compares actual results to projected budget. The Buyer uses the operating report as tool in measuring performance. The role of the Human Resources department at the Kroger company is staffing, compensation, performance, safety, training and development, and labor relations. Many of these functions can be applied to the role of a Produce Buyer in the organization. The job description for a Buyer is a collaborated effort between Human Resources and the Director of Produce Merchandising. The Human Resources Department acts as a filter in screening out applicants for the buying position who do not meet the minimum requirements of the position. Training programs and workshops are facilitated by Human Resource personnel and are focused on strengthening a Buyer†s professional and personal growth. A Buyer†s Performance Review is normally administered by the Director of Produce Merchandising and then a copy of the performance review and objectives is reviewed and filed in the Human Resources office. The information on the Performance review is use to determine the promotability of a Buyer. Key information related to promotability is highlighted on a Successive Planning Chart in the corporate Human Resources office in Cincinnati. The Planning Chart lists all management personnel in the company and is used to determine when an individual is ready to be promoted and to what position. This process is used when filling a vacant buyer†s position. A Kroger Buyer is faced with individual and group decision-making each day. Weather conditions, late truck arrivals, product quality, and product quantities can cause problems where a Buyer would need make a decision. In many of the cases, due to the highly perishable nature of the commodity, decisions need to be made quickly.